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Foundations of human and physical sciences > Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of bones

A

providing framework
Movement
production of blood cells
storage of minerals

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2
Q

5 types of bones

A 
Flat 
short
irregular
long
sesamoid
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3
Q

Describe the structure of a long bone

A 
Starting at the outside is articular cartilage 
Periosteum 
compact bone 
medullary canal (Yellow bone marrow)/ 
Spongey bone (red bone marrow)
Nutrient artery
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4
Q

Planes and Axis are always what…

A

perpendicular to one another

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5
Q

superior

A

above

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6
Q

inferior

A

below

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7
Q

ventral

A

front

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8
Q

dorsal

A

back

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9
Q

distal

A

furthest away

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10
Q

proximal

A

closest

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11
Q

lateral

A

outside

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12
Q

superficial

A

surface

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13
Q

what is the main shaft of the bone called

A

diaphysis

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14
Q

name for the end of the bone

A

ephiphyses

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15
Q

what is the function of the articular cartilage

A

shock absorption

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16
Q

what is the function of the periosteum

A

surrounds the surface of the bone not covered by cartilage
essential for bone growth and nutrition
part of the bone which muscles and ligaments attach

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17
Q

Name the two bone tissue types

A

Compact and Spongy (cancellous)

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18
Q

Compact bone tissue

A

contains very few spaces

19
Q

How many bones in the cranium

A

8

20
Q

Name the cranium bones

A 
1 frontal 
2 parietal 
2 temporal 
1 occipital 
1 sphenoid 
1 ethmoid
21
Q

mandible bone

A

jaw bone

22
Q

list the 5 parts of the vertebrae

A 
Cervical 
Thoracic 
Lumbar
Sacrum 
Coccyx
23
Q

How many bones forming pelvis

A

3

24
Q

Which bones form pelvis

A

ischium
llium
pubis

25
Q

which bones do the scalpula, clavicle and humerus form

A

shoulder

26
Q

Describe the process of bone repair

A
  1. Broken vessels pour into the fracture forming BLOOD CLOT
  2. Invaded by fibroblasts forming the periosteum
  3. Collagen fibres are then invaded by osteoblasts
  4. periosteum is formed
27
Q

what are the 3 types of cartilage

A

Fibrous
Cartilagenous
Synovial

28
Q

what is synoval fluid

A

fluid between joints filling the synoval cavity
norishes structures
contains phagocytes
lubricates the moving joint

29
Q

structure and characteristics of fibrous joints

A

linked with tough fibrous materiel

permits no movement eg. cranium, tibia and fibia no movement

30
Q

synovial joints

A

characterized by a space or capsule between the bones

31
Q

cartilagenous joints

A

separate bones by a cartilage pad

32
Q

what are the 5 features of a synoval joint

A
  1. Hayline cartilage (smooth surface to reduce friction)
  2. Capsule (joint wrapped in fibrous tissue to allow movement)
  3. Synoval membrane (secreting fluid)
  4. synoval fluid (norishes, phagocytes, stability)
33
Q

Functions of the muscle

A

Movement
Maintains posture
Heat generation

34
Q

Describe the structure of a muscle

A

Lye parallel to one another with alternate dark and light stripes.
Individual fibres are very long

35
Q

Myoglobin

A

stores oxygen within the muscle

36
Q

Explain the process of sliding filiament theory

A
  1. Motor nerve simulation
  2. Release of ACh
  3. Action potential spreads through sarcoplasm
    calcium release binds actin and myosin to slide over each other (cross bridge formation)
  4. sarcome ends pull close together
  5. Muscle relaxes when motor neuron simulation stops
  6. Calcium pumped back in to break cross-bridge of actin and myosin.
37
Q

Name the two types of muscle contraction

A

Isometric

Isotonic

38
Q

Isometric contraction

A

Tension in the muscle remains constant the weight is manageable- fibres shorten
(pick up a cup example)

39
Q

isotonic contraction

A

Muscles unable to shorten
fibres remain the same length
(Pick up 80kg example)

40
Q

tendon

A

Band of white dense fibrous tissue
collagen fibres connect bones and muslces.
Muscle contracts, pulls tendon, moves bone

41
Q

List the axial skeletons

A 
cranium/skull
rib cage
sternum 
vertebral column 
sacrum
42
Q

List the appendicular skeletons

A 
shoulder girdle 
scalpula 
clavicle 
humerus 
ulna
carpal bones
pelvis
femur 
ribia
fibula
patella
phalanges
43
Q

Ligaments

A

fibrous bands of connective tissue holding bones together

Provide stablilty to joint for rest and movement

can prevent excessive movement and unwated movements like jerking

Foundations of human and physical sciences (12 decks)

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