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Structure/function 1 lab > Musculoskeletal system > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

skeleton

A
  • 206 bones in adult
  • provides shape and support
  • protects vital organs
  • works with muscle for movement
  • storage of minerals (Ca2+, PO43-)
  • contains blood cell-producing marrow
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2
Q

axial skeleton

A
  • 80 bones
  • forms central supporting axis of body
  • protects brain, spinal cord, and organs of thoracic cavity
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3
Q

what makes up axial skeleton

A
  1. ) hyoid bones
  2. ) bones of skull
  3. ) vertebral column
  4. ) thoracic cage- ribs/sternum
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4
Q

appendicular skeleton

A
  • 126 bones

- important for movement and support

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5
Q

what makes up appendicular skeleton

A
  1. ) bones of upper/lower limbs

2. ) pectoral and pelvic girdles

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6
Q

function of girdles

A

-anchor that attach the appendicular portion to the axial skeleton

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7
Q

pectoral girdle

A
  • where humerus inserts/attaches

- includes clavicle and scapula

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8
Q

pelvic girdle

A
  • where femur inserts

- includes hip bones

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9
Q

classification of bones by shape

A
  1. ) long
  2. ) short
  3. ) flat
  4. ) irregular
  5. ) sesamoid
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10
Q

long bones

A
  • length greater than width
  • includes…
    1. ) legs and arms
    2. ) hands and feet
    3. ) fingers and toes
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11
Q

short bones

A
  • more or less cuboidal
  • length ~ width
  • include
    1. ) wrist and ankle
    2. ) patella
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12
Q

flat bones

A
  1. ) sternum
  2. ) scapulae
  3. ) ribs
  4. ) most skull bones
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13
Q

irregular bones

A
  1. ) vertebrae
  2. ) pelvis
  3. ) some skull (ethmoid, sphenoid)
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14
Q

sesamoid bones

A
  • bones that develop within tendons
  • patella is largest
  • smaller ones in hands and feet
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15
Q

tendon

A

-attaches muscle to bone

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16
Q

ligament

A

-attaches bone to bone

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17
Q

articulations

A
  • processes forming joints
    1. ) condyle
    2. ) facet
    3. ) head
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18
Q

condyle

A

-round knob that articulates with another bone

Ex: occipital condyles of skull

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19
Q

facet

A
  • smooth, flat, slightly concave/convex articular surface

- Ex: articular facets of vertebrae

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20
Q

head

A
  • prominent expanded end of bone
  • sometimes rounded
  • Ex: head of femur
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21
Q

extensions and projections

A
  • sites of muscle and ligament attachment
    1. ) crest
    2. ) epicondyle
    3. ) line
    4. ) process
    5. ) protuberance
    6. ) spine
    7. ) trochanter
    8. ) tubercle
    9. ) tuberosity
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22
Q

crest

A
  • narrow ridge

- Ex: iliac crest of pelvis

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23
Q

epicondyle

A
  • expanded region superior to condyle

- Ex: medial epicondyle of femur

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24
Q

line

A
  • slightly raised, elongated ridge

- Ex: nonchal lines of skull

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25
Q

process

A
  • any bony prominence

- Ex: mastoid process of skull

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26
Q

protuberance

A
  • bony outgrowth or protruding part

- Ex: mental protuberance of chin

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27
Q

spine

A
  • sharp, slender, or narrow process

- Ex: mental spines of mandible

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28
Q

trochanter

A

-two massive processes unique to femur

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29
Q

tubercle

A
  • small, rounded process

- Ex: greater tubercle of humerus

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30
Q

tuberosity

A
  • rough elevated surface

- Ex: tibial tuberosity

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31
Q

depressions

A
  1. ) alveolus
  2. ) fossa
  3. ) fovea
  4. ) sulcus
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32
Q

alveolus

A
  • pit or socket

- ex: tooth socket

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33
Q

fossa

A
  • shallow, broad, or elongated basin

- ex: mandibular fossa

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34
Q

fovea

A
  • small pit

- ex: fovea capitis of femur

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35
Q

sulcus

A
  • groove for tendon, nerve, or blood vessel

- ex: intertubercular sulcus of humerus

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36
Q

passages, openings, and cavities

A
  1. ) canal
  2. ) fissure
  3. ) foramen
  4. ) meatus
  5. ) sinus
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37
Q

canal

A
  • tubular passage or tunnel in bone

- ex: auditory canal

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38
Q

fissure

A
  • slit through a bone

- ex: orbital fissure behind eye

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39
Q

foramen

A
  • hole through a bone, usually round

- ex: foramen magnum of skull

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40
Q

meatus

A
  • opening into canal

- ex: external acoustic meatus of ear

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41
Q

sinus

A
  • air-filled space in bone

- ex: frontal sinus of forehead

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42
Q

skeletal muscle

A
  • attached to different bone at each end, spanning at least one joint
  • can ONLY pull
  • what one group does, another group can undo
  • when shortens insertion moves toward origin
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43
Q

insertion

A
  • muscle attachment to movable bone

- generally distal attachment site

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44
Q

origin

A
  • fixed or immovable point of muscle attachment

- generally proximal attachment site

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45
Q

agonist (prime mover)

A
  • muscle that has major responsibility for producing a specific movement
  • produces the most force during action
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46
Q

synergist

A
  • muscle(s) that help prime mover by adding extra force for movement
  • can also reduce undesirable or unnecessary movement that might occur as prime mover contracts
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47
Q

agonist of elbow flexion

A
  • bicep

- tricep is antagonist

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48
Q

agonist of elbow extension

A
  • tricep

- bicep is antagonist

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49
Q

fixator

A
  • muscle that prevents a bone from moving
  • holds bone in place, so another muscle attached to same bone origin can pull on something else
  • ex: rhomboids anchor scapula to vertebral column when biceps brachii contract
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50
Q

antagonist

A
  • muscle that opposes or reverses action of prime mover
  • prime mover contracts -> antagonist extends or contract slightly to limit speed/range of prime mover
  • prevent excessive movement, joint injury, or inappropriate actions
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51
Q

direct muscle attachments

A
  • little discernible separation between muscle and bone

- epimysium of muscle is fused to periosteum of bone

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52
Q

aponeurosis muscle attachment

A

-broad, tendon sheet attaching certain muscle

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53
Q

retinaculum muscle attachment

A

-band of connective tissue covering groups of tendons on their way to attach bones

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54
Q

joint

A

-articulation site- where two bones meet

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55
Q

what bone articulates here

A

-what forms the joint there

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56
Q

bony joints

A
  • aka: synostoses (sing: synostosis)

- where there used to be two bones and now there is one bone b/c space was filled with bone

57
Q

examples of bony joints

A
  • infant L/R frontal and mandibular bones joined, so now one solid bone
  • sacrum (5 fused) and coccyx (4 fused)
  • closing of growth plate
58
Q

suture fibrous joints

A
  • bones interlock
  • only have skull sutures
  • short collagen fibers
59
Q

gomphosis fibrous joints

A
  • joint between a tooth and jaw bone

- interlock

60
Q

syndesomoses fibrous joints

A
  • bones don’t interlock
  • longer collagen fibers- slightly movable
  • radius/ulna
  • distal tibia/fibula
61
Q

cartilaginous joints

A
  • aka amphiarthroses
  • bones are united by CARTILAGE
  • lack a joint cavity
62
Q

synchondrosis cartilage joint

A
  • bone united by HYALIN CARTILAGE
  • costal cartilages
  • epiphyseal plate (children)
63
Q

symphyses cartilaginous joint

A
  • bones connected by flat disc of FIBROCARTILAGE
  • intervertebrate discs
  • pubic symphysis- between hip bones
64
Q

epiphyseal plate

A
  • growth plate in long bones of children
  • in a child, layer of cartilage between top and bottom sections of long bone and bone
  • adult has bones jointed together by bone (bony joint)- now epiphyseal line
65
Q

costal cartilages

A
  • synchondrosis cartilaginous joint between ribs and sternum

- hyalin cartilage

66
Q

function cartilaginous joint

A
  • resist compression

- shock absorbers

67
Q

synovial joints

A
  • diarthroses (movable joints)
  • most movable joint in body (degree varies)
  • each contains fluid-filled joint cavity
  • only joint that has a joint capsule
68
Q

simple synovial joint

A
  • have just two articulating surfaces

- one bone-joint-another bone

69
Q

compound synovial joint

A

-more than two articulating surfaces
Examples
1.) Elbow- radius, ulna, and radius
2.) knee- femur, tibia, patella

70
Q

synovial joint functions

A

-movement

71
Q

fibrous capsule

A
  • outer-most part of synovial joint capsule
  • hold everything in
  • fuses with periosteum
72
Q

periosteum

A

covering over bone

73
Q

synovial membrane

A
  • inner layer of synovial joint capsule
  • makes synovial fluid
  • has macrophages to keep debris out
74
Q

joint cavity

A
  • inside synovial membrane

- contains synovial fluid

75
Q

synovial fluid

A
  • consistency of egg white
  • made of albumin (protein substance)
  • crucial for lubricating joint- reduces friction
  • also provides nourishment for articular cartilages and removes their waste
76
Q

articulate cartilage

A
  • hyalin cartilage
  • covers articulating bones
  • does NOT connect the bones, so not a cartilaginous joint
77
Q

relationship between articular cartilage and synovial fluid

A
  • when you move the joint heats synovial fluid
  • articular cartilage sucks up fluid and squeezes it out upon impact
  • provides constant nourishment for articular cartilage
78
Q

Tendon

A
  • attaches muscle to bone
  • usually span a joint and cause movement at that joint
  • fuses into periosteum
  • can also go into bone matrix
79
Q

tendon functions

A
  • participate in movement

- most important in stabilizing a joint

80
Q

ligament

A

-attaches bone to bone

81
Q

ligament functions

A
  • joint stability
  • more ligament, more stable the joint
  • knee hasa bunch
82
Q

intracapsular ligaments

A

-join bones inside joint capsule

83
Q

extracapsular ligaments

A

-join bones outside capsule

84
Q

bursa

A
  • fluid filled-sack (similar to synovial fluid)
  • between bone and tendon
  • between muscles
  • reduces friction
85
Q

tendon sheath

A
  • tendon wrapped in connective tissue

- hand and foot

86
Q

meniscus

A
  • cartilage pad between two bones for cushion
  • provides structural integrity
  • absorbs stress
  • in knee- one on each side
87
Q

articular disk

A
  • pad of cartilage that goes all the way across the joint in the cavity
  • jaw
  • ends of clavicle
  • ulna and carpal bones
88
Q

stability of synovial joint depends on

A
  1. ) nature of articular surface

2. ) strength, number, tautness of ligaments

89
Q

nature of articular surface

A
  • shapes of articular surfaces determine what movements are possible
  • hip ball in socket -> lots of mobility
  • knee has less mobility
90
Q

strength, number, tautness of ligaments

A
  • ligaments unite the bones
  • help direct bone movement
  • and prevent excessive or undesirable motion
91
Q

muscle tone

A
  • muscle tendons that cross the joints are the most important stabilizing factor
  • tendons are kept taut at all times by tone of the muscles
  • muscle tone extremely important in reinforcing the knee and shoulder joints
92
Q

zero positon of joints

A

-anatomical position

93
Q

shoulder flexion

A

-lift arms up

94
Q

hyper extension

A
  • beyond extension

- bringing arm behind you

95
Q

abduction

A

-away from midline

96
Q

adduction

A

-toward midline

97
Q

flexion

A

-decrease angle between 2 bones

98
Q

extension

A

-increase angle between 2 bones

99
Q

elevation

A
  • move to superior position

- shrugging shoulders

100
Q

depression

A

-moving toward inferior position

101
Q

supination

A
  • rotate forearm laterally

- palms forward

102
Q

pronation

A
  • rotate forearm medially

- palms back

103
Q

inversion

A

-lift medial border of foot

104
Q

eversion

A

-lift lateral border of foot

105
Q

dorsiflexion

A

-move top of foot toward the shin

106
Q

plantar flexion

A

-move sole of foot downward with toes pointing

107
Q

circumduction

A
  • circular rotation of articulation around a stationary point (360 degrees)
  • arm circle
  • have fixed point that you are moving 360 degrees around
  • can make 360 degree circle at hip
108
Q

rotation

A
  • movement around a long axis
  • if “rotating around rod”
  • twisting back
  • shaking head
  • pronate and supinate alternating
109
Q

retraction

A
  • movement posteriorly horizontally
  • when stand up straight after slumping
  • pectoral girdles
  • jawbone
110
Q

protraction

A
  • moving anteriorly horizontally
  • slumping shoulders
  • pectoral girdles
  • jawbone
111
Q

opposition

A
  • thumb to fingers

- grasping

112
Q

reposition

A

-returning to zero position after opposition

113
Q

lateral/medial excursion

A
  • sideways movement
  • wiggling hips side to side
  • not raising arms
114
Q

neck flexion

A

-chin to chest

115
Q

neck hyper extension

A

-look at sky

116
Q

muscle crossing anterior side of a joint

A
  • causes flexion

* except knee and ankle

117
Q

muscle crossing posterior side of a joint

A
  • causes extension

* except knee and ankle

118
Q

muscle crossing lateral side of joint

A
  • causes abduction

- Ex: deltoid

119
Q

muscle crossing medial side of joint

A

-causes adduction

120
Q

knee and ankle exception

A
  • muscles causing flexion/extension on the opposite side as other synovial joints
  • flexion caused by posterior muscle
  • extension caused by anterior muscle
121
Q

plane (gliding) joint

A
  • synovial

- carpal/tarsal bones

122
Q

hinge joint

A
  • synovial

- ulna and humerus

123
Q

pivot joint

A
  • synovial

- radius and ulna

124
Q

condylar joint

A
  • synovial

- knuckles- two flat articulations

125
Q

saddle joint

A
  • synovial

- base of thumb and metacarpal

126
Q

ball-and-socket joint

A
  • synovial

- humerus and scapula

127
Q

types of synovial joint

A
  • named based on what articular surface looks like
    1. ) plane
    2. ) pall and socket
    3. ) hinge
    4. ) pivot
    5. ) saddle
    6. ) condylar
128
Q

uniaxial joint

A
  • joint can only move in one direction/plane

- Ex: knee

129
Q

biaxial joint

A

-joint can move in two planes

Ex: thumb can move forward and back and side to side

130
Q

multiaxial joint

A
  • joint can move in all 3 planes

- only shoulder and hip are multiaxial

131
Q

add/abducting

A

-movement in frontal plane

132
Q

synarthrosis

A

-fibrous joint

133
Q

diarthroses

A

-movable joints

134
Q

amphiarthroses

A

-cartilaginous joints

135
Q

flexion/extension

A

-movement in sagittal plane

136
Q

swiping from side to side

A

-movement in transverse plane

137
Q

synostosis

A

-bony joint

138
Q

fibrous joint

A
  • aka: a synarthrosis
  • bones at joint are connected by collagen fibers (strong, flexible, no stretch)
  • don’t have joint cavity
  • most are immovable or only slightly movable (depending on collagen length)
  • function to hold 2 bones together

Structure/function 1 lab (6 decks)

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