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Structure/function 1 lab > Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

external occipital proturbance

A
  • attachment site for trapezius muscle

- nunchal ligament attaches her and helps hold skull erect

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2
Q

occipital condyles

A

-articulate with C1 (atlas) allowing head to nod or move side to side

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3
Q

foramen magnum

A
  • admits spinal cord to cranial cavity

- blood vessels travel through to carry blood to brain

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4
Q

hypoglossal canal

A

-for passage of nerve that innervates tongue

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5
Q

styloid process

A

-attachment for muscle of tongue, pharynx, and hyoid bone

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6
Q

mastoid process

A

-attachment site for muscle moving skull

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7
Q

mandibular fossa

A

-depression that is the articulation site for mandibular condyle of mandible (jaw)

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8
Q

zygomatic process

A

-projection that extends anteriorly to from zygomatic arch with a projection of zygomatic bone

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9
Q

zygomatic arch

A

-articulation between temporal and zygomatic bones

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10
Q

external acoustic meatus

A

-opening to ear canal

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11
Q

internal acoustic meatus

A

-allows passage of nerve carrying signals for hearing and balance from inner ear to brain

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12
Q

carotid canal

A

-passage for internal carotid artery- major blood supply to brain

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13
Q

jugular foramen

A
  • blood from brain drains through it and into jugular vein

- 3 nerves also pass through

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14
Q

occipital bone features (4)

A
  1. ) external occipital proturbance
  2. ) occipital condyles
  3. ) foramen magnum
  4. ) hypoglossal cana
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15
Q

temporal bone features (10)

A
  1. ) styloid process
  2. ) mastoid process
  3. ) mandibular fossa
  4. ) zygomatic process
  5. ) zygomatic arch
  6. ) squamous part
  7. ) internal/external acoustic meatus
  8. ) petrous part
  9. ) carotid canal
  10. ) jugular foramen
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16
Q

sphenoid bone features (8)

A
  1. ) superior orbital fissures
  2. ) sella turcica
  3. ) greater/lesser wings
  4. ) pterygoid processes (medial/lateral)
  5. ) optic foramen
  6. ) foramen ovale
  7. ) foramen spinosum
  8. ) foramen rotundum
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17
Q

superior orbital fissures

A
  • nerves and blood vessels pass thru to supply eye, muscles that control the eye, and lacrimal (tear) glands
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18
Q

sell turcica

A
  • “turkish saddle”

- depression that houses pituitary gland

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19
Q

pterygoid processes (medial/lateral)

A

-attachment sites for some of the muscle that move mandible (jaw)

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20
Q

ethmoid bone features (4)

A
  1. ) cribriform plate
  2. ) perpendicular plate
  3. ) crista galli
  4. ) middle and superior nasal conchae
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21
Q

cribriform plate

A
  • perforated part of bone located on either side of crista galli
  • provides bed for olfactory bulbs
  • location of foamina for olfactory nerve fibers
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22
Q

perpendicular plte

A

-forms superior midline projection to which the falx cerebri attaches

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23
Q

falx cerebri

A

-part of dura mater (fibrous material surrounding brain) that separates left and right hemispheres

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24
Q

middle and superior nasal conchae

A

-increase surface area of nasal cavity

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25
Q

maxillae features (2)

A
  1. ) alveolar processes

2. ) infraorbital foramen

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26
Q

infraorbital foramen

A

-provides passage for a blood vessel to the face and a nerve that receives sensation from nasal region and cheek

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27
Q

mandible features (9)

A
  1. ) body
  2. ) ramus
  3. ) angle
  4. ) coronoid process
  5. ) condyloid process (mandibular condyles)
  6. ) mental foramen
  7. ) mandibular foramen
  8. ) alveolar processes
  9. ) mental protuberance
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28
Q

angle

A

-insertion site for masseter- muscle of mastication

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29
Q

coronoid process

A

-site of attachment for temporalis muscle- moves mandible up and down when you chew

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30
Q

condyloid process (mandibular condyles)

A

-articulates with madibular fossa of temporal bone

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31
Q

mental foramen

A

-passage fro nerve and blood vessels that supply lower teeth

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32
Q

lacrimal bone features

A

-nasolacrimal canal

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33
Q

cranial fossae at base of brain (3)

A
  1. ) anterior
  2. ) middle
  3. ) posterior
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34
Q

skull sutures (4)

A
  1. ) coronal
  2. ) sagittal
  3. ) lambdoid
  4. ) squamous
    * synarthrosis (fibrous) joints
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35
Q

hyoid bone

A
  • does NOT articulate with any other bone
  • suspended like a hammock from styloid processes of skull, mandible, and thyroid (Adam’s Apple), manubrium, and scapulae by muscles and ligaments
  • serves as attachment site for muscle
  • helps keep airway open
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36
Q

temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

A
  • synovial joint
  • has lateral and sphenomandibular (medial) ligaments
  • condyle can pop out of fossa and slip forward (put back by pressing down on molars and using mandible posteriorly)
  • variety of movements
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37
Q

TMJ as synovial joint

A
  • articular surfaces are covered with fibrocartilage (not hyaline)
  • modified hinge joint
  • joint capsule divided by articular disc, forming 2 SEPARATE joint cavities
  • covered by thing, loose, synovial capsule (allows for movement)
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38
Q

lateral ligament TMJ

A
  • prevents posterior displacement of mandible

- prevents the condylar process from being driven upward and fracturing the base of the skull if jaw receives hard blow

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39
Q

TMJ movements

A
  • depression
  • elevation
  • protraction
  • retraction
  • lateral gliding
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40
Q

muscles involved in facial expression (13)

A
  1. ) frontalis
  2. ) orbicularis oculi
  3. ) corrugator supercilii
  4. ) nasalis
  5. ) orbicularis oris
  6. ) levator labii sperioris
  7. ) levator anguli oris
  8. ) zygomaticus major
  9. ) zygomaticus minor
  10. ) depressor anguli oris
  11. ) mentalis
  12. ) buccinator
    13) platysma
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41
Q

frontalis

A
  • elevates eyebrows

- wrinkles forhead

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42
Q

orbicularis oculi

A

-closes eyelids

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43
Q

corrgator supercilii

A

-draws eyebrows medially and downward in frowning concentration

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44
Q

nasalis

A

-widens nostrils

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45
Q

orbicularis oris

A
  • closes lips
  • puckers lips in kissing
  • developed in humans for speech
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46
Q

levator labii sperioris

A

-elevates upper lip in sneering

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47
Q

levator anguli oris

A

-elevates angle of mouth as in smiling

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48
Q

zygomaticus major

A

-draws angle of mouth upward and laterally in laughing

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49
Q

zygomaticus minor

A

-elevates upper lip, exposing upper teeth in smiling/sneering

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50
Q

depressor anguli oris

A

-draws angle of mouth upward and laterally in laughing

51
Q

mentalis

A
  • elevates and protrudes lower lip in drinking, outing, and expression of doubt
  • elevates and wrinkles skin of chin
52
Q

buccinator

A
  • compresses cheek and gums
  • directs food between molars
  • retracts cheek from teeth when mouth is closing, preventing biting cheek
  • involved in sucking and blowing air
53
Q

platysma

A

-draws lower lip and angle of mouth downward in expressions of horror/surprise

54
Q

muscle of mastication (chewing) (4)

A
  1. ) masseter
  2. ) temporalis
  3. ) layeral pterygoid
  4. ) medial pterygoid
55
Q

masseter

A
  • overlies angle of mandible
  • powerful muscle that elevates mandible (closes jaw)
  • originates at zygomatic arch
  • inserts in coronoid process, ramus, and angle of mandible
56
Q

temporalis

A

-elevates and retracts mandible

57
Q

layeral pterygoid

A
  • assists in opening jaw

- also assists in side to side protrusion of jaw

58
Q

medial pterygoid

A

-grinding motion

59
Q

vertebral foramen

A

-forms vertebral canal for passage of spinal cord

60
Q

intervertebral foramina

A
  • passage for spinal nerves

- only seen when vertebrae stacked (hole from side view)

61
Q

spinous process

A
  • on back of vertebrae

- helps determine the type of vertebrae

62
Q

superior articular processes with facets

A
  • articulation with neighboring vertebrae

- restrict “twisting” of vertebral column

63
Q

inferior articular processes with facets

A
  • articulation with neighboring vertebrae

- restrict “twisting” of vertebral column

64
Q

3 regions of vertebral column

A
  1. ) cervical vertebrae
  2. ) thoracic vertebrae
  3. ) lumbar vertebrae
65
Q

cervical vertebrae

A
  • C1-C7

- ID: have transverse foramina

66
Q

atlas vertebrae

A
  • C1
  • circle with ears
  • fits on top of C2 at dens
  • doesn’t have spinus process or body
  • deep superior articular facets for articulation with occipital condyles of skull
  • head back and forth (yes)- occ. condyles rocking in facets
67
Q

Axis vertebrae

A
  • C2
  • allows rotation of head (no)
  • has dens that projects into vertebral foramen on atlas
  • heavy blow can drive dens up thru foramen magnum into brainstem (death)
  • kinda looks like a tooth
68
Q

transverse foramina

A

-canal for vertebral arteries going to the brain

69
Q

thoracic vertebrae

A
  • T1-12
  • only vertebrae with ribs attached
  • ID: hold vertebrae by body w/ spinus process pointing down; superior articular facet on top flat and pointed ahead or out, it’s thoracic
70
Q

superior costal facets

A
  • on thoracic vertebrae body

- articulation for ribs

71
Q

inferior costal facets

A
  • on thoracic vertebrae body

- articulation for ribs

72
Q

transverse costal facets

A
  • on thoracic vertebrae transverse process
  • articulation for ribs
  • articulation for ribs
73
Q

Lumbar vertebrae

A
  • L1-L5

- ID: facets are cupped and pointing medially

74
Q

Sacrum

A

-5 fused vertebrae

75
Q

median sacral crest

A
  • sacrum

- connection to spinous processes of vertebrae

76
Q

anterior sacral foramina

A

-passage for nerves and arteries to pelvic organs

77
Q

posterior sacral foramina

A

-passage for nerves going to lower limbs

78
Q

coccyx

A
  • 4 fused vertebrae

- attachment point for muscle to pelvic floor

79
Q

atlanto-occipital joint

A
  • between atlas and skull
  • condylar
  • flexion, extension, lateral flexion, circumduction of head and neck
  • yes motion
80
Q

atlantoaxial joint

A
  • between atlas and axis
  • pivot joint
  • rotation of head
  • no motion
81
Q

intervertebral symphysis

A
  • between vertebral bodies with intervertebral disks

- shock absorbers

82
Q

zygapophyseal

A
  • articular processes/facets of vertebrae
  • pair of superior articular processes from one vertebrae project upward and articulate with pair of inferior articular processes of vertebrae above
  • plane joints
  • can slide anterior/posterior/laterally
83
Q

intervertebral

A
  • between adjacent vertebral bodies
  • cartilaginous joints
  • symphyses
  • amphiarthrotic (slightly movable)
84
Q

thoracic cage

A
  • ribs

- sternum

85
Q

clavicle notch

A
  • sternum

- forms sternoclavicle joint

86
Q

manubrium

A
  • sternum
  • attachment of 1st costal cartilage superiorly
  • attachment of 2nd costal cartilage inferiorly
87
Q

xiphoid process

A
  • sternum
  • attachment for some abdominal muscles
  • junction between xiphoid process and body of sternum marks inferior border of heart
88
Q

true ribs

A
  • pairs 1-7

- attach directly to sternum via costal cartilages associated with EACH rib

89
Q

false ribs

A
  • pairs 8-12
  • have costal cartilages that articulate with the cartilage of the rib superior to them
  • connections to sternum are indirect
90
Q

floating ribs

A
  • pairs 11-12
  • do not connect to adjacent cartilages or to sternum
  • unattached anteriorly
91
Q

head of rib

A

-has articular surfaces for attachment to vertebra bodies

92
Q

rib tubercle

A

-has facet for articulation with transverse processes of vertebrae

93
Q

costal facets of vertebrae

A

-superior and inferior that serve as articulation point for vertebrae and ribs

94
Q

costovertebral joints

A
  • between ribs and superior/inferior costal factes of vertebrae
  • plane, synovial joints
95
Q

sternocostal joints

A
  • 1st cartilaginous joint

- 2nd-7th synovial joints

96
Q

suprahyoid muscles

A
  • anterior neck
  • superior to hyoid
  • run from hyoid to mandible
  • form floor of mouth
  • help open jaw and move hyoid bone
  • elevate floor of mouth
  • important in chewing, swallowing, keeping airway open, speech
97
Q

infrahyoid muscles

A
  • anterior neck
  • inferior to hyoid
  • function to depress hyoid bone and larynx during swallowing and speech
98
Q

trapezius muscle

A
  • posterior neck

- extends neck

99
Q

sternocleidomastoid muscle

A
  • posterior neck

- primer mover of neck flexion

100
Q

unilateral contraction sternocleidomastoid

A
  • lateral flexion of cervical spine ipsilateral to muscle
  • rotation of cervical spine contralateral (face opposite side of muscle)
  • origin: manubrium/medial clavicle
  • insertion: mastoid process of temporal bone
101
Q

bilateral contraction sternocleidomastoid

A
  • flexion

- draws head straight forward and down (reading)

102
Q

scalene muscle group

A
  • posterior neck
  • bilateral contraction provides anterior flexion of vertebral column
  • unilateral contraction results in ipsilateral flexion of cervical vertebral column
  • muscle of inspiration: elevate ribs 1-2
103
Q

muscle of thorax (respiration)

A
  1. ) diaphragm
  2. ) external intercostals
  3. ) internal intercostals
104
Q

diaphragm

A
  • prime mover of inspiration
  • 2/3 air intake
  • separates thoracic and abdominal cavities
  • increases size thoracic cavity when contracts
105
Q

external intercostals

A
  • superficial to internal intercostals
  • elevate and protract ribs 2-12
  • expand thoracic cavity
106
Q

internal intercostals

A
  • deep to external intercostals

- compress thoracic cavity during FORCED expiration

107
Q

external abdominal oblique

A
  • anterior abdominal wall
  • flexes like trunk
  • unilateral contraction: contralateral rotation of waist
  • supports abdominal viscera
  • stabilizes vertebral column during lifting
  • posture
  • aids in expiration, urination, defecation, vomiting and childbirth
108
Q

internal abdominal oblique

A
  • anterior abdominal wall

- same as external, except unilateral contraction causes ipsilateral rotation of waist

109
Q

transverse abdominis

A
  • anterior abdominal wall
  • compresses abdominal contents
  • same effects of external oblique, but doesn’t contribute to movements of vertebral column
110
Q

rectus abdominis

A
  • anterior abdominal wall
  • flexes lumbar region of vertebral column
  • forward bending at waist
111
Q

erector spinae

A
  • group of back muscles
  • extension and lateral flexion of vertebral colun
  • run vertically for entire length of back from cranium to sacrum
  • FF: pork chops and T-bone steaks
112
Q

semispinalis thoracis

A
  • back muscle

- extension and contralateral rotation of vertebral column

113
Q

primary curvature of spine

A

-at birth, only thoracic and sacral kyphotic curves present

114
Q

secondary curvature of spine

A
  • cervical lordotic curve develops as a baby is able to lift his or her head
  • lumbar lordotic curve develops with assumption of erect, bipedal posture
115
Q

cervical curvature

A
  • lordotic

- convex anteriorly

116
Q

thoracic curvature

A
  • kyphotic

- concave anteriorly

117
Q

lumbar curvature

A
  • lordotic

- convex anteriorly

118
Q

sacral curvature

A
  • kyphotic

- concave anteriorly

119
Q

diarthroses axial

A
  • synovial- movable
    1. ) TMJ- modified hinge
    2. ) atlanto-occipital- condylar
    3. ) atlantoaxial- pivot
    4. ) zygapophyseal- plane
    5. ) costovertebral- plane
    6. ) 2nd-7th sternocostal
120
Q

synarthroses axial

A
  • fibrous joint

- skull sutures

121
Q

amphiarthroses axial

A
  • cartilaginous joint- slightly movable
    1. ) intervertebral
    2. ) 1st sternocostal
122
Q

sternocleidomastoid O/I

A

O: manubrium
I: mastoid process

123
Q

masseter O/I

A

O: zygomatic arch
I: coronoid process

Structure/function 1 lab (6 decks)

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