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Structure/function 1 lab > Lower (Pelvic) Girdle and Appendages > Flashcards

Lower (Pelvic) Girdle and Appendages Flashcards

1
Q

pelvic girdle

A
  • supports trunk on the lower limbs

- encloses and protects viscera of pelvic cavity

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2
Q

pelvis

A
  • composed of 2 coxal (hip) bones and sacrum

- composed of ligaments and muscles that line pelvic cavity and form its floor

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3
Q

pelvic cavity

A
  • lower colon
  • urinary bladder
  • internal reproductive organs
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4
Q

sacroiliac (SI) joint

A
  • articulation site b/w sacrum and auricular surface of the ilium of the hip
  • SYNOVIAL joint
  • held together by strong ligaments
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5
Q

pubic symphysis

A
  • articulation site b/w each pubic bone
  • CARTILAGINOUS joint
  • bones joined by pad of fibrocartilage on anterior side of pelvis
  • can be palpated as a hard prominence above the genitalia
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6
Q

adult coxal bone

A
  • forms by fusion of 3 childhood bones
    1. ) ilium
    2. ) ischium
    3. ) pubis
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7
Q

pelvic brim

A
  • superior circular entry into pelvis

- like a rim of basketball hoop

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8
Q

greater pelvis

A

-superior to pelvic brim

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9
Q

lesser pelvis

A

-inferior to pelvic brim

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10
Q

greater sciatic notch

A

-passageway for sciatic nerve

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11
Q

pubic symphysis

A

-articulation site for left and right pubic bones

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12
Q

lower limb

A
  • divided into 4 regions

- 30 bones/limb

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13
Q

femoral region

A
  • thigh
  • hip to knee
  • contains femur
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14
Q

crural region

A
  • leg
  • knee to ankle
  • contains tibia (medial)
  • contains fibula (lateral)
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15
Q

tarsal region

A

-ankle

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16
Q

pedal region

A
  • foot
  • 7 tarsal bones
  • 5 metatarsals
  • 14 phalanges
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17
Q

femur

A
  • longest and strongest bone in body

- 1/4 of your height

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18
Q

greater trochanter femur

A

-insertion of hip muscles

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19
Q

lesser trochanter femur

A

-insertion of hip muscles

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20
Q

medial epicondyle femur

A

-attachment sites for muscles/ligaments

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21
Q

lateral epicondyle femur

A

-attachment sites for muscles and ligaments

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22
Q

femur during knee flexion/extension

A

-medial and lateral condyles rock on superior surface of tibia

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23
Q

patella

A
  • body’s largest sesamoid bone
  • cartilaginous at birth
  • ossifies at 3-6 yrs
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24
Q

tibia

A

-only weight-bearing bone of cural region

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25
Q

tibial tuberosity

A

-insertion of patellar ligament

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26
Q

medial malleolus

A
  • tibia

- ankle bone on medial side

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27
Q

lateral malleolus

A
  • fibula

- ankle bone on lateral side

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28
Q

tarsals

A
  1. ) talus
  2. ) calcaneus
  3. ) cuboid
  4. ) navicular
  5. ) medial cuneiform
  6. ) intermediate cuneiform
  7. ) lateral cuneiform
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29
Q

calcaneous

A
  • largest tarsal

- posterior end is attachment pt for calcaneal (achilles) tendon from calf muscles

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30
Q

hallux

A

-big toe

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31
Q

iliopsoas

A
  • anterior hip muscles
  • iliacus and psoas muscles
  • flex thigh at hip when trunk is fixed
  • flex trunk at hip when thigh is fixed
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32
Q

tensor fasciae latae muscle

A
  • knee extension
  • abduction and medial rotation of femur
  • steadies pelvis on femoral head
  • steadies femoral condyles on tibia
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33
Q

gluteus maximus

A
  • EXTENSOR of hip joint
  • backward swing of leg when walking/running
  • climb stairs
  • stabilizes trunk
  • adducts thigh
  • stabilizes femur on tibia
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34
Q

maximum force gluteus maximus

A
  • when thigh is flexed at 45 degree angle

- why start race in crouched position

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35
Q

iliotibial band

A
  • formed by tendons of gluteus maximus and tensor fasciae latae
  • tensor fasciae tightens band and braces knee (esp. when opposite foot lifted)
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36
Q

lateral rotators of femur

A
  • cross legs to rest ankle on knee
  • oppose medial rotation
  • include
    1. ) gemellus superior
    2. ) gemellus inferior
    3. ) oburator externus
    4. ) oburator internus
    5. ) Piriformis
    6. ) quadratus femoris
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37
Q

Muscles of thigh

A
  • thigh divided into 3 compartments
    1. ) anterior (extensor)
    2. ) posterior (flexor)
    3. ) medial (adductor)
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38
Q

Adductor compartment of thigh

A
  • medial
    1. ) adductor brevis
    2. ) adductor longus
    3. ) adductor magnus
    4. ) gracilis
    5. ) pectineus
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39
Q

Extensor compartment of thigh

A
  • anterior
    1. ) quadriceps femoris
    2. ) sartorius
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40
Q

quadriceps femoris

A
  • anterior compartment of thigh
  • extend knee
  • stand up; kick, step
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41
Q

quadriceps femoris muscles

A
  1. ) recturs femoris
  2. ) vastus lateralis
  3. ) vastus medialis
  4. ) vastus intermedius
    * all four converge at patellar tendon
42
Q

patellar tendon

A
  • formed by converging of quads
  • extends to patella
  • continues as patellar ligament
  • inserts into tibial tuberosity
43
Q

sartorius

A
  • longest muscle in body
  • flexes hip/knee joints
  • laterally rotates thigh
  • crossing legs
44
Q

Flexor compartment of thigh

A
  • posterior
  • hamstrings
    1. ) biceps femoris (lat)
    2. ) semitendinosus (mid)
    3. ) semimembranosus (med)
45
Q

hamstring muscles

A
  • knee flexion; running; walking

- tendons palpated on both sides popliteal fossa

46
Q

biceps femoris tendon

A

-lateral side of popliteal fossa

47
Q

semitendinosus and semimembranosus tendon

A

-medial side of popliteal fossa

48
Q

flexor compartment of LEG

A
  • posterior

- popliteus

49
Q

popliteus non-weight bearing

A

-flexes and medially rotates leg

50
Q

popliteus weight bearing

A
  • tibia is fixed
  • rotates femur laterally on tibia
  • unlocks and extends knee
51
Q

crural muscles

A
  • form muscles of leg
  • bound tightly by fasciae that compress them, which aids in return of blood from legs to heart
  • divided into extensor, flexor, and lateral compartments
52
Q

extensor compartment leg

A
  • anterior
  • dorsiflex ankle
  • prevent toe scuffing during walking
  • tendons held tightly against ankle by retinaculum to prevent bowing
53
Q

muscles composing extensor compartment leg

A
  1. ) fibularis tertius
  2. ) extensor digitorum longus
  3. ) extensor halluces longus
  4. ) tibialis anterior
54
Q

flexor compartment of leg

A
  • posterior
  • superficial muscles are plantar flexors, whose tendon forms Achilles tendon
    1. ) gastrocnemius
    2. ) soleus
55
Q

lateral compartment of leg

A
  • plantar flexion
  • eversion of foot
    1. ) fibularis brevis
    2. ) fibularis longus
56
Q

coxal (hip) joint

A
  • ball and socket (synovial)
  • multiaxial diarthrosis
  • head of femur articulates w/ acetabulum
  • good range of motion, but more limited than shoulder b/c deep socket w/ strong ligaments
  • more stable than shoulder
57
Q

acetabulum

A
  • where head of femur articulates to form coxal joint

- socket is extended (made larger) by acetabular labrum (fibrocartilage)

58
Q

hip stability anterior side

A
  • iliofemoral ligament

- pubofemoral ligament

59
Q

hip stability posterior side

A

-ischiofemoral ligament

60
Q

function of ant/pot ligaments of hip

A
  • hip stability

- twist and pull femur head into acetabulum when standing

61
Q

ligament teres

A
  • round ligament
  • arises from fovea capitis (pit) in head of femur
  • attaches to lower margin of acetabulum
62
Q

hip stability

A
  1. ) acetabular labrum
  2. ) ant/post ligaments
  3. ) ligamentum teres
63
Q

tibiofemoral joint

A
  • knee joint
  • complicated hinge
  • largest and most complex joint of body
  • 3 joints in one
  • has 2 fibrocartilage menisci w/in cavity
  • relies on non-articular factors for stability (tendons/ligaments)
  • vulnerable to hor/lat blows
64
Q

3 joints of tibiofemoral joint

A
  1. ) patellofemoral joint
  2. ) lateral tibiofemoral joint (at med condyle)
  3. ) medial tibiofemoral joint (at lat condyle)
65
Q

tibiofemoral joint functions

A
  • flexion, extension, limited rotation

- transfers weight from femur to tibia

66
Q

strength of tibiofemoral joint

A

-can withstand vertical force > 7x body weight

67
Q

knee ligaments/tendons

A
  1. ) tendon of quad. femoris muscle
  2. ) patellar ligament
  3. ) lateral and medial patellar retinacula
68
Q

lateral/medial patellar retinacula

A
  • medial and lateral portions of quad tendon pass either side of petella and insert into upper extremity of tibia on either side of tuberosity
  • portions then merge into the capsule and form the medial and lateral patellar retinacula
69
Q

interior supporting structures of tibiaofemoral joint

A
  1. ) anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
  2. ) posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
  3. ) medial and lateral menisci
70
Q

ACL

A
  • attached to anterior side of tibia

- when knee extended, pulled tight and prevents hyperextension

71
Q

PCL

A
  • attached to posterior side of tibia
  • prevents femur from sliding off front of tibia
  • prevents tibia from being displaced backward
72
Q

medial and lateral menisci

A
  • fibrocartilage pads joined by transverse ligament
  • one on each femur-tibia articulation
  • cushion and stabilize joint
  • lateral support
73
Q

standing with legs straight

A

-locks knees by jamming lateral meniscus between tibia

74
Q

talocrural joint

A
  • ankle joint
  • two articulations closed in single joint capsule
    1. ) tibia and talus (medial)
    2. ) fibula and talus (lateral)
75
Q

what prevents side to side movement of talocrural joint

A
  • malleoli of tibia and fibula overhang talus on each side

- results in less movement than wrist

76
Q

anterior/posterior tibiofibular ligaments

A
  • talocrural joint

- bind tibia to fibula

77
Q

medial (deltoid) ligament

A
  • talocrural joint

- bind tibia to foot on medial side

78
Q

lateral (collateral) ligament

A
  • talocrural joint

- binds fibula to foot on lateral side

79
Q

calcaneal (Achilles) tendon

A
  • talocrural joint
  • extends from calf muscles to calcaneuous
  • formed by tendons of plantar flexors
  • strongest muscle in body
  • plantar flexes foot
  • limits dorsiflexion
80
Q

arthritis

A

-painful inflammation and stiffness of joints

81
Q

bursitis

A
  • inflammation of a bursa

- usually due to overextension of the joint

82
Q

dislocation

A
  • displacement of bone from its normal position at a joint
  • usually accompanied by sprain of adjoining connective tissues
  • most common in fingers, thumb, shoulder, knee
83
Q

gout

A
  • hereditary disease common in men
  • uric acid crystals accumulate in joints and irritate articular cartilage and synovial membrane
  • most commonly affects great toe
84
Q

rheumatism

A

-any pain in supportive and locomotory organs of body (ligaments, tendons, muscles)

85
Q

sprain

A
  • torn ligament or tendon

- sometimes damage to meniscus or other cartilage

86
Q

strain

A
  • painful over stretching of a tendon or muscle w/o serious tissue damage
  • often result of inadequate warm-up
87
Q

synovitis

A
  • inflammation of joint capsule

- often complication of a sprain

88
Q

tendinitis

A
  • form of bursitis

- tendon sheath inflamed

89
Q

hip flexion

A

-bend over or lift leg

90
Q

hip extension

A

-standing upright

91
Q

hip hyperextension

A

-leg back like going to kick

92
Q

thigh adduction

A

-muscles on medial thigh

93
Q

muscles on anterior side arm

A

-elbow flexion

94
Q

muscles anterior side thigh/leg

A

-knee extension

95
Q

hamstrings

A
  • on posterior thigh
  • cause knee FLEXION
  • have 3
96
Q

flexors of lower limb

A

-located on posterior side

97
Q

compartment

A

-muscles that work together

98
Q

difference between acetabulum and glenoid fossa

A
  • acetabulum is really deep and wraps all the way around the head of the femur
  • glenoid fossa is not a deep socket
  • acetabulum is more stable, but more limited in movement
99
Q

labrum

A

-ring of fibrocartilage

100
Q

at knee joint

A
  • epicondyle (superior) on femur ONLY

- condyl (inferior) on tibia and femur

Structure/function 1 lab (6 decks)

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