musculoskeletal system

Question 1

why are muscles highly specialized

Answer 1

tension needed for contraction

Question 2

which muscle tissues are involuntary?

Answer 2

smooth, cardiac

Question 3

number of nucleus in skeletal muscle

Answer 3

multiple: multi-nucleated

Question 4

shape of skeletal muscle cells

Answer 4

cylindrical

Question 5

plasma membrane in skeletal muscle is also called

Answer 5

sarcolemma

Question 6

movement of skeletal muscle

Answer 6

voluntary

Question 7

function of intercalated disc

Answer 7

help muscle cells have synchronised contraction

Question 8

cardiac muscles number of nucleus

Answer 8

1: uninucleated

Question 9

movement of cardiac muscle

Answer 9

involuntary

Question 10

shape of cell of smooth muscle tissue

Answer 10

spindle-shaped or fusiform

Question 11

number of nucleus for smooth muscle cell

Answer 11

1: uninucleated

Question 12

movement of smooth muscle

Answer 12

involuntary

Question 13

differentiate epimysium, endomysium, fascicle, and perimysium

Answer 13

epimysium - OUTERMOST tissue covering the whole muscle tissue

endomysium - COVERS every MUSCLE FIBER

fascicle - BUNDLE of muscle fibers

perimysium - surrounds each fascicle

Question 14

A band vs I band

Answer 14

a band - where the myosin filaments are located, anisotropic bands

i band - where the actin filaments and z line are located, isotropic bands

Question 15

composition of myofibril

Answer 15

actin and myosin

Question 16

location of myosin filament

Answer 16

near middle of sarcomere

Question 17

location of actin filament

Answer 17

attached to z line

Question 18

what borders each sarcomere

Answer 18

z line

Question 19

explain the sliding filament theory

Answer 19

myosin heads bind to the actin filaments, forming a cross-bridge and pull it towards the center of the sarcomere for contraction

Question 20

how is atp used in the sliding filament theory

Answer 20

atp attaches to the myosin head, allowing it to form the cross-bridge and then releases itself and the myosin pulls the actin filaments towards the center of the sarcomere

Question 21

what regulatory proteins are needed to prevent contraction of the muscle

Answer 21

tropomyosin and troponin complex

Question 22

how does tropomyosin and troponin complex prevent contraction of muscles

Answer 22

these binds to the actin strands and blocks the myosin-binding sites, preventing them from interacting with each other

Question 23

how does calcium regulate muscle contraction

Answer 23

attaches to the binding sites in the troponin complex, unlocking these sites and allowing for interaction between actin and myosin

Question 24

what is a motor unit

Answer 24

single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it controls

Question 25

differentiate endoskeleton and exoskeleton

Answer 25

exoskeleton - outside of body endoskeleton - inside body

Question 26

what enables the earthworms to glide

Answer 26

hydrostatic skeleton - alternate contraction of circular and longitudinal muscles

Question 27

difference of bivalve shell vs univalve shell

Answer 27

univalve - periodically molted bivalve - grows with the organism

Question 28

synthesize and secrete organic compounds of the bone

Answer 28

osteoblasts

Question 29

specific part of the diaphysis for production of rbc

Answer 29

medullary cavity

Question 30

function of epiphysis

Answer 30

prevents dislocation, increase surface area for articulation with another bone

Question 31

function of periosteum

Answer 31

increases diameter, aids in healing fractures

Question 32

natural hole in the bone where nutrients enter

Answer 32

nutrient foramen

Question 33

lining of all surfaces of bone facing the medullary cavity

Answer 33

endosteum

Question 34

how thick is endosteum

Answer 34

1 layer thick

Question 35

example of sesamoid bones

Answer 35

kneecap or patella

Question 36

reduces friction between tendons, protects tendons from tear and wear

Answer 36

sesamoid bones

Question 37

what are the characteristics features of irregular bones

Answer 37

jutting processes

Question 38

examples of irregular bones

Answer 38

vertebral column, pelvis, skull that are not flat

Question 39

flat bones are aka

Answer 39

squamous bones

Question 40

where are flat bones found

Answer 40

most regions of the skull and ribs

Question 41

location and shape of short bones

Answer 41

found in carpus and tarsus and

Question 42

where are sesamoid bones formed

Answer 42

tendons near the freely mobile joints

Question 43

differentiate the two types of bone development

Answer 43

intramembranous ossification - from fibrous membrane of fetal skeleton endochondral ossification - from cartilage to bone

Question 44

bones undergoing intramembranous ossification

Answer 44

skull, mandible

Question 45

bones undergoing endochondral ossification

Answer 45

vertebrae, axial, appendicular bones, ribs, sternum