cell cycle Flashcards
part of interphase when dna replicates
s phase
what happens during g1 phase
increase cell growth and number of cytoplasmic structure, 2x chromosome, preparation for mitosis - some carry destined cells
what happens in g2 phase
biochemical preparation
near centrosome, radiall array of short microtubules
asters
diploid vs haploid cells
diploid = 2n, mitosis, chromosomes = 46
haploid = n, meiosis, chromosomes = 23
made of microtubules that controls chromosome movement during mitosis
mitotic spindle
begins with centrosome at opposite poles
spindle microtubules
centrosome + spindle microtubules + asters
spindle
middle part of sister chromatids
centrosomes
protein coat where spindles attach
kinetochore
ordered display of pairs of chromosome
karyotype
2 chromosomes in a pair which are same length and shape
homologs
which of the chromosomes are not homologs
sex chromosomes
aside from the sex chromosomes, the remaining 22 pairs or homologs are called
autosomes
site of cross-over
chiasmata
what ensures genetic variation
independent assortment of chromosomes, crossing over, random fertilization
regulatory proteins in cell cycle control system
cyclin, cyclin-dependent kinase
function of cyclin and cyclin-dependent kinase
triggers the maturation-promoting factor, allowing it to pass the g2 checkpoint
where is m checkpoint located
before anaphase
external factors for cell cycle
growth factors - stimulate other cells to divide
density-dependent inhibition - crowded cells will stop dividing
normal cell to cancerous cell
transformation
differentiate benign vs malignant tumor
benign: stay at original site, slow growth rate, usually encapsulated, usually expansive, slight harm
malignant: invade surrounding tissue, rapid growth rate, invasive, rarely encapsulated, significant harm
cell division of prokaryotes
binary fission
