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ZOOLFUN > Animal cell > Flashcards

Animal cell Flashcards

1
Q

process of taking cell apart and separating major organelles from one another

A

cell fractionation

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2
Q

basic features of all cells (4)

A

plasma membrane
semifluid substance - cytosol
chromosomes - carry genes
ribosomes - make proteins

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3
Q

prokaryotic vs eukaryotic

A

prokaryotic - no true nucleus, lacks nuclear membrane, genetic material is in nucleic region, no membrane-bound organelles

eukaryotic - with true nucleus, bounded by nuclear envelope, genetic material within nucleus, contains cytoplasm with cytosol and membrane-bound organelles

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4
Q

differentiate sem and tem

A

sem - focuses on surface of specimen and provides 3d image

tem - used to study internal structure

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5
Q

how many layers does the nuclear membrane have

A

2 - lipid bilayer

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6
Q

site for rRNA synthesis

A

nucleolus

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7
Q

nuclear size of the envelope is lined by

A

nuclear lamina

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8
Q

composition of nuclear lamina

A

proteins

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9
Q

function of nuclear lamina

A

maintains shape of nucleus

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10
Q

function of ribosomes

A

protein synthesis

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11
Q

where are free ribosomes located

A

cytosol

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12
Q

ribosomes within the ER or nuclear envelope

A

bound ribosomes

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13
Q

parts of endomembrane system (6)

A

nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, plasma membrane

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14
Q

functions of smooth ER (4 - SMDS or LCDPC)

A

synthesize lipids,
metabolizes carbohydrates,
detoxifies drugs and poisons,
stores calcium ions

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15
Q

functions of rough ER

A

secrete glycoproteins
distribute transport vesicles
membrane factory for the cell

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16
Q

flattened membranous sacs in golgi apparatus

A

cisternae

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17
Q

functions of golgi apparatus

A

modifies products of the ER
manufactures certain macromolecules
sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles

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18
Q

membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules

A

lysosomes

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19
Q

lysosomal enzymes work best in what environment

A

acidic environment

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20
Q

where are hydrolytic enzymes and lysosomal membranes made

A

rough ER

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21
Q

type of vacuole formed by phagocytosis

A

food vacuole

22
Q

type of vacuole found in many freshwater protists

A

contractile vacuole

23
Q

vacuole that pumps excess water out of cells

A

contractile vacuole

24
Q

vacuole found in many mature plant cells holding organic compounds and water

A

central vacuole

25
Q

function of mitochondria

A

site of cellular respiration (powerhouse of the cell)

26
Q

function of chloroplast

A

site of photosynthesis

27
Q

evidences of endosymbiont theory

A

mitochondria and chloroplast both have:

double membrane envelope
free ribosomes
circular DNA
grow and reproduce somewhat independently in cells

28
Q

what is the endosymbiont theory

A

suggests that an early ancestor of eukaryotes engulfed an oxygen-using non-photosynthetic prokaryotic cell which formed a relationship with the host cell, becoming an endosymbiont

29
Q

folds inside the mitochondria

A

cistae

30
Q

2 compartments of the inner membrane of mitochondria

A

intermembrane space, mitochondrial matrix

31
Q

produce hydrogen peroxide and convert to water

A

peroxisomes

32
Q

network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in the cell

A

cytoskeleton

33
Q

helps support the cell and maintain its shape

A

cytoskeleton

34
Q

thickest of the 3 cytoskeleton components

A

microtubules

35
Q

functions of microtubules

A

maintains cell shape
cell motility
chromosome movement in cell division
organelle movements

36
Q

composition of centrosome

A

pair of centrioles each with 9 triplets of microtubules arranged in a ring

37
Q

function of microtubules in cilia and flagella

A

control the beating

38
Q

common structure of cilia and flagella

A

CORE OF MICROTUBULES sheathed by the plasma membrane

BASAL BODY that anchors the cilium or flagellum

motor protein called DYNEIN - drives the bending movement of cilium or flagellum

39
Q

thinnest of the components of cytoskeleton

A

microfilaments

40
Q

functions of microfilaments

A

maintains cell shape
changes in cell shape
muscle contraction
cell motility
division of animal cells

41
Q

fibers with diameters in between the microfilaments and microtubules

A

intermediate filaments

42
Q

functions of intermediate filaments

A

maintenance of cell shape
anchorage of nucleus and other organelles
formation of nuclear lamina

43
Q

animal cell lack cell walls but are covered by an elaborate __

A

extracellular matrix

44
Q

composition of ECM

A

glycoproteins such as collagen, proteoglycans and fibronectin

45
Q

ECM proteins bind to receptor proteins in the plasma membrane called

A

integrins

46
Q

cell junction where cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid

A

tight junctions

47
Q

cell junction which fasten cells together into strong sheets

A

desmosomes

48
Q

cell junctions also called anchoring junctions and give the impression of sew-like look

A

desmosomes

49
Q

cell junctions that provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells

A

gap junctions

50
Q

cell junctions also called communicating junctions

A

gap junctions

51
Q

function of microfilaments in amoeba

A

gives them drive to extend their pseudopodia

ZOOLFUN (9 decks)

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