digestive system Flashcards
how many amino acids does an animal require
20; 10 - essential, 10 non-essential
what are the essential acids (PRYVATE HILLMA)
Phenylalanine
tRYptophan
VAline
Threonine
Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Methionine
Arginine
difference between essential and non-essential amino acids
essential - cannot be created by the body
non- essential : can be created in the body from essential amino acids
what are unsaturated fatty acids
fatty acids with 1 or more double bonds
essential fatty acids is aka
omega fatty acids
supplement for fur of animals
fatty acids
how many vitamins are essential for humans
13
water-soluble vitamins
B complex and vitamin C
fat-soluble vitamins
A,D,E,K
are minerals organic or inorganic
inorganic
undernourished individual will (3)
use up stored fats and carbohydrates
break down its own proteins
lose muscle mass
differentiate types of feeders
suspension - yung sa aquatic animals, higop sila water tas ififilter yung pagkain
substrate - uod, nakatira sila dun sa mismong food source
fluid - lamok, suck nutrient-rich fluid from living host
bulk - snake, humans; eat relatively large pieces of food
why are snakes capable of bulk feeding
hindi attached yung jaws nila together so pwedeng buksan ng mas malaki
differentiate TYPES of digestion
mechanical - chewing
chemical - breaking down of food to smaller molecules thru enzymes etc
differentiate KINDS of digestion
intracellular - inside the cell, food is engulfed thru phagocytosis tapos magfufuse with lysosomes to dissolve the food using the hydrolytic enzymes then ieexcrete yung waste thru exocytosis
extracellular - outside of the cell, may two types: gastrovascular cavity (1 cavity lang), alimentary canal (2 openings)
differentiate the types of extracellular digestion
gastrovascular - simple animals, 1 cavity lang, nagrerelease ng digestive enzymes from gland cell which break down the food to small particles tapos ineengulf ulit and digested in food vacuoles
alimentary canal - 2 openings: anus and mouth, may specialized regions for digestion and absorption in step-wise fashion
uptake of nutrients in the body cells
absorption
passage of undigested materials out of the digestive system
elimination
composition of mammalian digestive system
alimentary canal and accessory glands
what are the accessory glands in the mammalian digestive system
salivary glands
pancreas
liver
gallbladder
differences between vertebrate alimentary canal and insect alimentary canal
STORAGE AND EARLY DIGESTION:
vertebrate - stomach
insects, birds - crop
GRINDING
birds - gizzard
insects - proventriculus
TERMINAL DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION
vertebrate - small intestine
insects - midgut
WATER ABSORPTION, CONCENTRATION OF SOLIDS
vertebrate - large intestine
insects - hindgut
SPECIALIZED STRUCTURES FOR INSECTS
Malpighian tubules - main excretory organs: production of primary urine, osmoregulation, etc.
differentiate types of teeth
incisors - bite, cut, and strip; harap na ngipin (bunny teeth eme)
canines -seize, pierce, and tear (pangil)
premolars and molars - grinding and crushing (used by ruminants often kasi continuous yung chewing ng dahon)
one of the toughest bone in the body (teeth)
enamel
root canal is done when there is problems in the
dentine which affects the nerves in the teeth
differentiate specialized teeth of animals
herbivores - suppressed canine and no upper incisors
rodents - well-developed and self-sharpening incisors that must be constantly worn away
elephant’s tusk - modified upper incisor used for defense, attack and rooting
explain direction of epiglottis for food or bolus to go to the esophagus
down, which blocks the trachea then it will go back up once the food or bolus already went through the esophagus
function of stomach
stores food and begins digestion of proteins
secrete gastric juices that convert food to chyme
gastric juice is made of
HCl and pepsin
what is pepsin
protein-digesting enzyme allowing protein to split into smaller peptides
differentiate the cells in the stomach
parietal - secrete hydrogen and chlorine ions SEPARATELY into the lumen of the stomach to form HCl
chief - secrete inactive pepsinogen which combines with HCl to form pepsin
function of mucus cells in stomach
secrete mucus for protective lining of the stomach
differentiate histology of the cells in the stomach
parietal - lighter color of cytoplasm (acidic)
chief - darker color (basophilic)
connection of esophagus and stomach
gastroesophageal junction
parts and functions of small intestine
duodenum - digestion
jejunum - nutrient absorption
ileum - nutrient absorption
function of pancreas
produces proteases trypsin and chymotrypsin - neutralize chyme in the duodenum
center for metabolism of fats, carbohydrates and amino acids
liver
storehouse for glycogen
liver
produces proteins
liver
detoxifies protein wasters
liver
destroys worn out RBCs
liver
function of gallbladder
stores bile produced by liver
function of bile
aids in digestion and breaks down fats to fatty acids for easier absorption
function of bile salts
reduce the fat droplets to smaller size for increased enzymatic action
why do feces have coloration
bile have pigments from the breakdown of hemoglobin, giving feces dark coloration
FUN FACT: horses do not have
gallbladder
fingerlike projections on the surface of small intestine
villi
extension of human cecum
appendix
connection of small to large intestine
cecum
function of large intestine
reabsorption of water
why is the cecum of herbivores larger than carnivores
it is where long fermentation of grasses occurs
compartments of the stomach of ruminants
reticulum
rumen
omasum
abomasum
describe food flow in ruminants
- food enters in the rumen
- food goes to the reticulum
- food is regurgitated, chewed and swallowed again
- food goes to the omasum
- food goes to the abomasum
- food goes to small and large intestine
digestion is regulated by what system
endocrine and nervous
function of gastrin
stimulate secretion of HCl (for the stomach)
increase gastric movement within stomach
when is gastrin starting to be released
when proteins start to enter the stomach
site of glucose homeostasis
liver
key source of carbon skeletons for biosynthesis
glucose
normal blood glucose
70 - 110 mg/100 mL blood
differentiates insulin and glucagon
insulin - lowers blood glucose level, produced in beta cells
glucagon - increases blood glucose level, produced in alpha cells
why is insulin not present in the brain
brain can take sugar with or without insulin
brain sugar
galactose
deficiency in insulin or decreased response to insulin in target tissue
diabetes mellitus
cell cannot take enough glucose to be used
diabetes mellitus
test of sugar in diabetes mellitus
sugar in urine
type 1 vs 2 diabetes mellitus
1 - autoimmune disorder, immune system will destroy beta cells - not producing insulin, usually childhood
2 - failure of the target cells to respond to insulin
triggers feeling of hunger before meals
ghrelin
ghrelin is secreted by the
stomach wall
hormones secreted by the small intestine after meals that suppresses appetite
insulin and polypeptide YY(PYY)
produced by ADIPOSE tissue that suppresses appetite
leptin
hormone playing a role in regulating body fat levels
leptin
secreted in response to strong acid in stomach and intestine
secretin
hormone stimulating the release of alkaline pancreatic fluid which neutralizes acidic chyme in small intestine
secretin
hormone aiding in fat digestion
secretin
hormone inhibiting gastric mobility and bile secretion
secretin
where is secretin produced
produced by endocrine cells in the duodenal wall
where is cholecystokinin (CKK) secreted
endocrine cells in walls of upper small intestine
CKK is secreted in response to
fatty acids and amino acids in duodenum
hormone acting on brain stem that contributes to feeling of satiety
CCK
TRUE OR FALSE: CCK stimulates release of bile and pancreatic secretions
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: Secretin and CCK inhibit the release of gastric juices; and why
TRUE, once food exits the stomach, the secretin and CCK inhibit release of gastric juices kasi nga wala nang ididigest na food
