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ZOOLFUN > digestive system > Flashcards

digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

how many amino acids does an animal require

A

20; 10 - essential, 10 non-essential

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2
Q

what are the essential acids (PRYVATE HILLMA)

A

Phenylalanine
tRYptophan
VAline
Threonine
Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Methionine
Arginine

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3
Q

difference between essential and non-essential amino acids

A

essential - cannot be created by the body
non- essential : can be created in the body from essential amino acids

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4
Q

what are unsaturated fatty acids

A

fatty acids with 1 or more double bonds

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5
Q

essential fatty acids is aka

A

omega fatty acids

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6
Q

supplement for fur of animals

A

fatty acids

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7
Q

how many vitamins are essential for humans

A

13

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8
Q

water-soluble vitamins

A

B complex and vitamin C

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9
Q

fat-soluble vitamins

A

A,D,E,K

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10
Q

are minerals organic or inorganic

A

inorganic

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11
Q

undernourished individual will (3)

A

use up stored fats and carbohydrates
break down its own proteins
lose muscle mass

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12
Q

differentiate types of feeders

A

suspension - yung sa aquatic animals, higop sila water tas ififilter yung pagkain

substrate - uod, nakatira sila dun sa mismong food source

fluid - lamok, suck nutrient-rich fluid from living host

bulk - snake, humans; eat relatively large pieces of food

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13
Q

why are snakes capable of bulk feeding

A

hindi attached yung jaws nila together so pwedeng buksan ng mas malaki

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14
Q

differentiate TYPES of digestion

A

mechanical - chewing
chemical - breaking down of food to smaller molecules thru enzymes etc

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15
Q

differentiate KINDS of digestion

A

intracellular - inside the cell, food is engulfed thru phagocytosis tapos magfufuse with lysosomes to dissolve the food using the hydrolytic enzymes then ieexcrete yung waste thru exocytosis

extracellular - outside of the cell, may two types: gastrovascular cavity (1 cavity lang), alimentary canal (2 openings)

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16
Q

differentiate the types of extracellular digestion

A

gastrovascular - simple animals, 1 cavity lang, nagrerelease ng digestive enzymes from gland cell which break down the food to small particles tapos ineengulf ulit and digested in food vacuoles

alimentary canal - 2 openings: anus and mouth, may specialized regions for digestion and absorption in step-wise fashion

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17
Q

uptake of nutrients in the body cells

A

absorption

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18
Q

passage of undigested materials out of the digestive system

A

elimination

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19
Q

composition of mammalian digestive system

A

alimentary canal and accessory glands

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20
Q

what are the accessory glands in the mammalian digestive system

A

salivary glands
pancreas
liver
gallbladder

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21
Q

differences between vertebrate alimentary canal and insect alimentary canal

A

STORAGE AND EARLY DIGESTION:
vertebrate - stomach
insects, birds - crop

GRINDING
birds - gizzard
insects - proventriculus

TERMINAL DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION
vertebrate - small intestine
insects - midgut

WATER ABSORPTION, CONCENTRATION OF SOLIDS
vertebrate - large intestine
insects - hindgut

SPECIALIZED STRUCTURES FOR INSECTS

Malpighian tubules - main excretory organs: production of primary urine, osmoregulation, etc.

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22
Q

differentiate types of teeth

A

incisors - bite, cut, and strip; harap na ngipin (bunny teeth eme)

canines -seize, pierce, and tear (pangil)

premolars and molars - grinding and crushing (used by ruminants often kasi continuous yung chewing ng dahon)

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23
Q

one of the toughest bone in the body (teeth)

A

enamel

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24
Q

root canal is done when there is problems in the

A

dentine which affects the nerves in the teeth

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25
Q

differentiate specialized teeth of animals

A

herbivores - suppressed canine and no upper incisors

rodents - well-developed and self-sharpening incisors that must be constantly worn away

elephant’s tusk - modified upper incisor used for defense, attack and rooting

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26
Q

explain direction of epiglottis for food or bolus to go to the esophagus

A

down, which blocks the trachea then it will go back up once the food or bolus already went through the esophagus

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27
Q

function of stomach

A

stores food and begins digestion of proteins
secrete gastric juices that convert food to chyme

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28
Q

gastric juice is made of

A

HCl and pepsin

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29
Q

what is pepsin

A

protein-digesting enzyme allowing protein to split into smaller peptides

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30
Q

differentiate the cells in the stomach

A

parietal - secrete hydrogen and chlorine ions SEPARATELY into the lumen of the stomach to form HCl

chief - secrete inactive pepsinogen which combines with HCl to form pepsin

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31
Q

function of mucus cells in stomach

A

secrete mucus for protective lining of the stomach

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32
Q

differentiate histology of the cells in the stomach

A

parietal - lighter color of cytoplasm (acidic)

chief - darker color (basophilic)

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33
Q

connection of esophagus and stomach

A

gastroesophageal junction

34
Q

parts and functions of small intestine

A

duodenum - digestion
jejunum - nutrient absorption
ileum - nutrient absorption

35
Q

function of pancreas

A

produces proteases trypsin and chymotrypsin - neutralize chyme in the duodenum

36
Q

center for metabolism of fats, carbohydrates and amino acids

A

liver

37
Q

storehouse for glycogen

A

liver

38
Q

produces proteins

A

liver

39
Q

detoxifies protein wasters

A

liver

40
Q

destroys worn out RBCs

A

liver

41
Q

function of gallbladder

A

stores bile produced by liver

42
Q

function of bile

A

aids in digestion and breaks down fats to fatty acids for easier absorption

43
Q

function of bile salts

A

reduce the fat droplets to smaller size for increased enzymatic action

44
Q

why do feces have coloration

A

bile have pigments from the breakdown of hemoglobin, giving feces dark coloration

45
Q

FUN FACT: horses do not have

A

gallbladder

46
Q

fingerlike projections on the surface of small intestine

A

villi

47
Q

extension of human cecum

A

appendix

48
Q

connection of small to large intestine

A

cecum

49
Q

function of large intestine

A

reabsorption of water

50
Q

why is the cecum of herbivores larger than carnivores

A

it is where long fermentation of grasses occurs

51
Q

compartments of the stomach of ruminants

A

reticulum
rumen
omasum
abomasum

52
Q

describe food flow in ruminants

A
  1. food enters in the rumen
  2. food goes to the reticulum
  3. food is regurgitated, chewed and swallowed again
  4. food goes to the omasum
  5. food goes to the abomasum
  6. food goes to small and large intestine
53
Q

digestion is regulated by what system

A

endocrine and nervous

54
Q

function of gastrin

A

stimulate secretion of HCl (for the stomach)
increase gastric movement within stomach

55
Q

when is gastrin starting to be released

A

when proteins start to enter the stomach

56
Q

site of glucose homeostasis

A

liver

57
Q

key source of carbon skeletons for biosynthesis

A

glucose

58
Q

normal blood glucose

A

70 - 110 mg/100 mL blood

59
Q

differentiates insulin and glucagon

A

insulin - lowers blood glucose level, produced in beta cells

glucagon - increases blood glucose level, produced in alpha cells

60
Q

why is insulin not present in the brain

A

brain can take sugar with or without insulin

61
Q

brain sugar

A

galactose

62
Q

deficiency in insulin or decreased response to insulin in target tissue

A

diabetes mellitus

63
Q

cell cannot take enough glucose to be used

A

diabetes mellitus

64
Q

test of sugar in diabetes mellitus

A

sugar in urine

65
Q

type 1 vs 2 diabetes mellitus

A

1 - autoimmune disorder, immune system will destroy beta cells - not producing insulin, usually childhood

2 - failure of the target cells to respond to insulin

66
Q

triggers feeling of hunger before meals

A

ghrelin

67
Q

ghrelin is secreted by the

A

stomach wall

68
Q

hormones secreted by the small intestine after meals that suppresses appetite

A

insulin and polypeptide YY(PYY)

69
Q

produced by ADIPOSE tissue that suppresses appetite

A

leptin

70
Q

hormone playing a role in regulating body fat levels

A

leptin

71
Q

secreted in response to strong acid in stomach and intestine

A

secretin

72
Q

hormone stimulating the release of alkaline pancreatic fluid which neutralizes acidic chyme in small intestine

A

secretin

73
Q

hormone aiding in fat digestion

A

secretin

74
Q

hormone inhibiting gastric mobility and bile secretion

A

secretin

75
Q

where is secretin produced

A

produced by endocrine cells in the duodenal wall

76
Q

where is cholecystokinin (CKK) secreted

A

endocrine cells in walls of upper small intestine

77
Q

CKK is secreted in response to

A

fatty acids and amino acids in duodenum

78
Q

hormone acting on brain stem that contributes to feeling of satiety

A

CCK

79
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: CCK stimulates release of bile and pancreatic secretions

A

TRUE

80
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Secretin and CCK inhibit the release of gastric juices; and why

A

TRUE, once food exits the stomach, the secretin and CCK inhibit release of gastric juices kasi nga wala nang ididigest na food

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