Genetics Flashcards
Discuss law of segregation
parental genes are randomly segregated in the sex cell, offspring will receive 1 gene from each parent
true-breeding vs hybridization
true-breeding: offspring is same variety ng parent (self-polinating)
hybridization: mating of 2 contrasting true-breeding varieties
character vs trait
character: heritable feature na nagvavary
trait: variations ng character
example ng character and trait
character - color of flower
trait - white or purple
blended vs particulate hypothesis
blended - nagsasama genetic material from 2 parents
particulate - parents pass discrete heritable units
alternative version of a gene that accounts for variations in inherited characters
allele
phenotype vs genotype
phenotype - physical appearance
genotype - genetic make-up
used to determine genotype if unknown
testcross
testcross if testing for 1 character only
monohybrid cross
cross between f1 dihybrids, determine if traits are passed independently
dihybrid cross
explain law of independent assortment
one trait does not depend on another trait pero nag-aapply lang siya if magkaibang chromosome or genes na magkalayo sa iisang chromosome
law of independent assortment is developed from using
dihybrid cross
explain law of dominance
one trait will be dominant over the other or the dominant trait will be expressed over the recessive trati
differentiate complete, incomplete and codominance
alam mo na yan, basic
shape of allele A in blood type
triangle
shape of allele B in blood type
circle
give example of codominance
blood type AB
genes have multiple phenotypic effects
pleiotropy
a gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at the second locus
epistasis
Explain chargaff’s rule
A=T, G=C
where dna strands are elongating
replication fork
function of helicase
untwist double helix at replication fork
function of topoisomerase
corrects overwinding
translates DNA to RNA
primase
adds new complements
dna polymerase
an additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotype
polygenic inheritance
example of polygenic inheritance
skin color
example of epistasis
color of animal coat
stabilize single-stranded DNA
single-stranded binding proteins
dna polymerase can only add fragments in what direction
5’ to 3’
what is the leading strand in the original DNA? 5’ to 3’ or 3’ to 5’?
3’ to 5’ kasi nga nagwowork lang yung DNA polymerase ng 5’ to 3’ tas yung 5’ is nagbibind dun sa may 3’
strand that moves towards the replication fork
leading strand
strand that moves away from the replication fork
lagging strand
segments from lagging strand connected by ligase
okazaki fragments
what connects the okazaki fragments
ligase
family tree that describes the inter-relationships of parents and children across generations
pedigree
special nucleotide sequences found at eukaryotic chromosomal ends
telomeres
function of telomeres
postpone the erosion of genes near the DNA molecules?, connected to aging
recessive condition characterized by a lack of pigmentation in skin and hair
albinism
form of dwarfism caused by rare dominant allele
achondroplasia
liquid that bathes the fetus is removed and tested
amniocentesis
sample of placenta is removed and tested
chorionic villus sampling
explains the flow of genetic info from dna to rna to make a functional product: protein
central dogma
