Musculoskeletal system Flashcards
What are articular branches?
Arteries supplying joints
What can arteries supplying joints be damaged by?
Dislocations
What are the 3 types of joint classification?
Synovial
Cartilaginous
Fibrous
What are the 2 types of fibrous joints?
Syndesomes
Sutures
What do syndesomes do?
Unite bones with fibrous sheet fibrous membrane
Where are sutures located?
Between bones of skull
What are fontanelles?
Wide structures in the neonatal skull
What are the 3 types of fontanelles?
Anterior fontanelles
Lateral fontanelles
posterior fontanelles
What is the function of fontanelles?
Allows growing frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital bones to slide over each other
What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joint?
Primary cartilaginous
Secondary cartilaginous
What are synovial joints?
2 or more bones articulating with each other
What are the articulated surfaces of synovial joints covered in?
Hyaline cartilage
What do synovial joints contain?
A joint cavity
What does a joint cavity in a synovial joint contain?
Synovial fluid
What is the purpose of synovial fluid?
to cushion, nourish and lubricate
What are synovial joints supported by?
Ligaments
What are synovial joints associated with?
Skeletal muscles and their tendons and bursae
What is the purpose of bursae?
Prevent friction around a joint
What are the 5 subtypes of synovial joints?
Pivot
Biaxial
Ball + socket
Plane
Hinge
What has greater mobility but lesser stability of the hip joint?
The shoulder joint
Why does the shoulder joint have a greater mobility but lesser stability than the hip joint?
As the ball and socket of hip joint is a much tighter fit than the ball and socket of the shoulder joint
What is subluxation?
Reduced area of contact between articular surfaces
What is dislocation?
Complete loss of contact between articular surfaces
Where is skeletal muscle usually found?
Deep to deep fascia
What do skeletal muscles do?
Produce movement
What are the names of the 2 points of attachment to bone?
Origin and insertion
What is the origin attachment to bone?
Most proximal part and is attached to an immovable bone
What is the insertion attachment to bone?
Attached to a movable bone on the other side
What do tendons do?
Attach muscle to bone
Where are tendons found?
Either end of the muscle and non-contractile
What is aponeurosis?
A flattened tendon
What is the role of aponeurosis?
Attach muscle to soft tissue
What are reflexes described as being?
Protective and automatic
What are the 2 main muscle reflexes?
Stretch and flexion withdrawal
Describe a reflex arc
Sensory nerve (muscle) detects stretch and tells spinal cord
The motor nerve from the spinal cord passes the message to contract
Neuromuscular junction is the synapse where the motor nerve communicates with skeletal muscle
What are 4 examples of deep tendon reflexes?
Biceps jerk
Triceps jerk
Knee jerk
Ankle jerk
What is the neuromuscular junction?
The synapse where the motor nerve communicates with the skeletal muscle
What is the name given to the whole route taken by the action potential called?
Reflex arc
What is the flexion withdrawal reflex?
Touch something potentially damaging causing sudden flexion to withdraw from the danger
What is muscle strain?
Overstretched, torn or twisted muscle
What is muscle paralysis?
A muscle without a functioning motor nerve supply - can’t contract and would therefore have a reduced tone
What is muscle spasticity?
Muscle has intact and functioning motor nerve but the descending controls from the brain aren’t working
What is muscular atrophy?
Wasting of the muscle through inactivity - myocytes become smaller
