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Medicine - year 1 > Intro to anatomy and body systems > Flashcards

Intro to anatomy and body systems Flashcards

Anatomical language and basic body systems

1
Q

Anterior?

A

Nearer the front of the body

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2
Q

Posterior?

A

Nearer the back of the body

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3
Q

Superior/cranial?

A

Nearer the top of the head

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4
Q

Inferior/caudal?

A

Nearer the soles of the feet

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5
Q

Proximal?

A

Nearer to attachment of the limb to the body

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6
Q

Distal?

A

Further from the attachment of the limb to the body

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7
Q

Superficial?

A

Nearer to the surface of the body

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8
Q

Deep?

A

Further from the surface of the body

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9
Q

External?

A

Further from the center of the body or organ

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10
Q

Internal?

A

Nearer to the center of the body or organ

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11
Q

Major and minor?

A

Larger and smaller structures with the same names

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12
Q

Dorsal?

A

Refers to the back portion (i.e. posterior)

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13
Q

Ventral?

A

Refers to front part of body (i.e anterior)

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14
Q

Unilateral?

A

Structure found on only one side of the body

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15
Q

Bilateral?

A

Paired structures, a right and a left

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15
Q

Midline?

A

Single structure at the midline/medialplane

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16
Q

Ipsilateral?

A

Structure lies on SAME side

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17
Q

Contralateral?

A

Structure lies on OPPOSITE side

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18
Q

Flexion?

A

Decreasing angle between bones at a joint

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19
Q

Extension?

A

Increasing angle between bones at a joint

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20
Q

Abduction?

A

Movement away from the median plane

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21
Q

Adduction?

A

Movement towards median plane

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22
Q

Internal/medial rotation?

A

Anterior surface rotates towards the median plane

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23
Q

External/lateral rotation?

A

Anterior surface rotates away from the median plane

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24
Q

Circumduction?

A

Circular motion at a joint

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25
Q

Eversion?

A

Sole of the foot rotates away from the median plane - sole faces laterally

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26
Q

Inversion?

A

Sole of the foot rotates towards the median plane - sole faces medially

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27
Q

Dorsiflexion?

A

Upwards flexion of foot

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28
Q

Plantarflexion?

A

Downward movement of the foot

29
Q

Pronation?

A

Anterior surface of forearm rotates so palm of hand faces posteriorly

30
Q

Supination?

A

Forearm rotates from pronated position back to anatomical position

31
Q

Semi-prone?

A

Position of hand and forearm are halfway between supine and prone positions

32
Q

Lateral flexion?

A

Movement of spine to side

33
Q

Elevation?

A

Superior movement of shoulders

34
Q

Depression?

A

Inferior movement of shoulders

35
Q

Protraction?

A

Anterior movement of jaw/shoulder

36
Q

Retraction?

A

Posterior movement of jaw/shoulder

37
Q

Sagittal plane?

A

Vertical line dividing body into left and right

38
Q

Coronal plane?

A

Vertical line dividing body into a front (anterior) and back (posterior) section

39
Q

Transverse/axial plane?

A

Horizontal line dividing body into an upper (superior) and lower (inferior) section

40
Q

What are the 4 basic tissue types that form organs?

A

Epithelia, muscle, nerves and connective tissue

41
Q

Where does the GI tract run?

A

Mouth to anus

42
Q

Role of GI tract?

A

Digests large molecules into smaller ones to be absorbed into veins and lymphatic vessels of small intestine

43
Q

Role of liver in GI tract?

A

Venous blood goes in here first then it stores nutrients, makes other products from them or returns them to venous system

44
Q

What is another role of liver in GI tract?

A

Can detoxify potentially harmful substances

45
Q

What does that cardiovascular system consist of?

A

Heart and blood vessels

46
Q

Where do veins carry blood?

A

Back towards the heart

47
Q

Where do arteries carry blood?

A

Away from the heart

48
Q

Where do absorbed nutrients pass?

A

Veins of GI tract then to liver and then venous blood from the liver drains them back to the heart

49
Q

What type of blood does the right side of the heart pump?

A

Deoxygenated blood to lungs

50
Q

What type of blood does the left side of the heart pump?

A

Oxygenated blood to tissues and organs

51
Q

Explain the flow of circulation

A

Heart pumps oxygenated blood to arteries
Arteries supply blood to arterioles
Arterioles supply blood to capillaries
Capillaries drain blood into venules
Venules drain blood into veins
Veins drain blood back to heart

52
Q

Explain how we get oxygen into the blood (respiratory)

A

Breathe air through nose or mouth
Air travels through respiratory tree
Alveoli is covered with capillaries - allows oxygen to be transferred by diffusion into blood

53
Q

Explain how we get oxygen to our cells (haemotological system)

A

Haemoglobin binds oxygen in lungs and carries it to capillary beds where oxygen is released and delivered to cells

54
Q

What gases diffuse between blood and cells down a concentration gradient at capillary beds?

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide

55
Q

What is low levels of haemoglobin called?

A

Anaemia

56
Q

How is fluid squeezed out of capillaries?

A

By blood pressure

57
Q

What is excess fluid found in extraceullular spaces called?

A

Tissue fluid

58
Q

What is the name given to tissue fluid once it’s taken up by the lymphatic vessels?

A

Lymph

59
Q

What are the respiratory and renal systems important in?

A

Removal of CO2 and acids from the body

60
Q

What is the GI system important in?

A

Shedding cellular debris from internal lining, passes food etc out through faeces

61
Q

What is the lymphatic system important in?

A

Draining microorganisms to lymph nodes

62
Q

What is the first line of defence our body provides?

A

Skin

63
Q

When can lymph nodes be palpated (examined)?

A

When fighting infection infiltrated by spreading cancer as they’re enlarged

64
Q

What can discrete areas of lymphatic tissue in the body assist with the identification and destruction of?

A

Invading pathogens

65
Q

What are two parts of the nervous system?

A

Sensory part and motor part

66
Q

Where are the central connections between the sensory and motor parts of the nervous system?

A

In the brain and spinal cord

67
Q

What does the endocrine system mainly consist of?

A

Endocrine glands

68
Q

What do endocrine glands do?

A

Secrete hormones directly into capillary blood

69
Q

What are two functions of the musculoskeletal system?

A

Allow us to breathe and provides locomotion through skeletal muscle contractions at joints

Medicine - year 1 (20 decks)

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