Intro to anatomy and body systems Flashcards
Anatomical language and basic body systems
Anterior?
Nearer the front of the body
Posterior?
Nearer the back of the body
Superior/cranial?
Nearer the top of the head
Inferior/caudal?
Nearer the soles of the feet
Proximal?
Nearer to attachment of the limb to the body
Distal?
Further from the attachment of the limb to the body
Superficial?
Nearer to the surface of the body
Deep?
Further from the surface of the body
External?
Further from the center of the body or organ
Internal?
Nearer to the center of the body or organ
Major and minor?
Larger and smaller structures with the same names
Dorsal?
Refers to the back portion (i.e. posterior)
Ventral?
Refers to front part of body (i.e anterior)
Unilateral?
Structure found on only one side of the body
Bilateral?
Paired structures, a right and a left
Midline?
Single structure at the midline/medialplane
Ipsilateral?
Structure lies on SAME side
Contralateral?
Structure lies on OPPOSITE side
Flexion?
Decreasing angle between bones at a joint
Extension?
Increasing angle between bones at a joint
Abduction?
Movement away from the median plane
Adduction?
Movement towards median plane
Internal/medial rotation?
Anterior surface rotates towards the median plane
External/lateral rotation?
Anterior surface rotates away from the median plane
Circumduction?
Circular motion at a joint
Eversion?
Sole of the foot rotates away from the median plane - sole faces laterally
Inversion?
Sole of the foot rotates towards the median plane - sole faces medially
Dorsiflexion?
Upwards flexion of foot
Plantarflexion?
Downward movement of the foot
Pronation?
Anterior surface of forearm rotates so palm of hand faces posteriorly
Supination?
Forearm rotates from pronated position back to anatomical position
Semi-prone?
Position of hand and forearm are halfway between supine and prone positions
Lateral flexion?
Movement of spine to side
Elevation?
Superior movement of shoulders
Depression?
Inferior movement of shoulders
Protraction?
Anterior movement of jaw/shoulder
Retraction?
Posterior movement of jaw/shoulder
Sagittal plane?
Vertical line dividing body into left and right
Coronal plane?
Vertical line dividing body into a front (anterior) and back (posterior) section
Transverse/axial plane?
Horizontal line dividing body into an upper (superior) and lower (inferior) section
What are the 4 basic tissue types that form organs?
Epithelia, muscle, nerves and connective tissue
Where does the GI tract run?
Mouth to anus
Role of GI tract?
Digests large molecules into smaller ones to be absorbed into veins and lymphatic vessels of small intestine
Role of liver in GI tract?
Venous blood goes in here first then it stores nutrients, makes other products from them or returns them to venous system
What is another role of liver in GI tract?
Can detoxify potentially harmful substances
What does that cardiovascular system consist of?
Heart and blood vessels
Where do veins carry blood?
Back towards the heart
Where do arteries carry blood?
Away from the heart
Where do absorbed nutrients pass?
Veins of GI tract then to liver and then venous blood from the liver drains them back to the heart
What type of blood does the right side of the heart pump?
Deoxygenated blood to lungs
What type of blood does the left side of the heart pump?
Oxygenated blood to tissues and organs
Explain the flow of circulation
Heart pumps oxygenated blood to arteries
Arteries supply blood to arterioles
Arterioles supply blood to capillaries
Capillaries drain blood into venules
Venules drain blood into veins
Veins drain blood back to heart
Explain how we get oxygen into the blood (respiratory)
Breathe air through nose or mouth
Air travels through respiratory tree
Alveoli is covered with capillaries - allows oxygen to be transferred by diffusion into blood
Explain how we get oxygen to our cells (haemotological system)
Haemoglobin binds oxygen in lungs and carries it to capillary beds where oxygen is released and delivered to cells
What gases diffuse between blood and cells down a concentration gradient at capillary beds?
Oxygen and carbon dioxide
What is low levels of haemoglobin called?
Anaemia
How is fluid squeezed out of capillaries?
By blood pressure
What is excess fluid found in extraceullular spaces called?
Tissue fluid
What is the name given to tissue fluid once it’s taken up by the lymphatic vessels?
Lymph
What are the respiratory and renal systems important in?
Removal of CO2 and acids from the body
What is the GI system important in?
Shedding cellular debris from internal lining, passes food etc out through faeces
What is the lymphatic system important in?
Draining microorganisms to lymph nodes
What is the first line of defence our body provides?
Skin
When can lymph nodes be palpated (examined)?
When fighting infection infiltrated by spreading cancer as they’re enlarged
What can discrete areas of lymphatic tissue in the body assist with the identification and destruction of?
Invading pathogens
What are two parts of the nervous system?
Sensory part and motor part
Where are the central connections between the sensory and motor parts of the nervous system?
In the brain and spinal cord
What does the endocrine system mainly consist of?
Endocrine glands
What do endocrine glands do?
Secrete hormones directly into capillary blood
What are two functions of the musculoskeletal system?
Allow us to breathe and provides locomotion through skeletal muscle contractions at joints
