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Human bio > musculoskeletal system > Flashcards

musculoskeletal system Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

list the function of the skeletal system

A

support

storage - minerals, fats, salts

attachment - for bones to muscles

articulation - when 2 bones move around each other

protection

production - of RBCs

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2
Q

explain what the epiphyses is in the structure of a long bone

A

ends of the bone

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3
Q

explain what the diaphyses is in the structure of a long bone

A

the main shaft, hollow cylinder of compact bone surrounding a cavity

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4
Q

explain what compact bone is in the structure of a long bone

A

forms the cortex/hard outer shell of most bones

very dense and rigid

filled with tiny holes that hold blood vessels

protects spongey bone and bone marrow

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5
Q

explain what spongey bone is in the structure of a long bone

A

bone on the inside

porous and has large spaces filled with marrow

Red bone marrow in flat and long bones, produces RBCs, WBCs and platelets

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6
Q

explain what the medullary cavity is in the structure of a long bone

A

hollow cavity in the diaphyses, filled with yellow bone marrow for fat storage

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7
Q

explain what articular cartilage is in the structure of a long bone

A

Covers epiphysis for protection and cushioning

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8
Q

explain what epiphyseal lines are in the structure of a long bone

A

Bone growth areas

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9
Q

what is an osteoblast

A

Secrete bone matrix around themselves until nutrients struggles to reach osteoblast when matrix becomes dense and can’t diffuse

When oxygen is low enough, combines with chemical signals, the osteoblasts differentiate into an osteocyte

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10
Q

what is an osteocyte

A

Bone cell

Maintains bone tissue

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11
Q

what is an osteon

A

Basic unit of bone cells (whole individual circle in diagrams)

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12
Q

what is the Haversian canal

A

Centre of osteon, blood vessel run up it to deliver nutrients to osteocyte

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13
Q

what are the lamellae

A

Concentric layers surrounding central canal

Forms 3 layers

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14
Q

what are the lacunae

A

Spaces in lamellae where osteocytes live

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15
Q

what are the canaliculi

A

Small crevices moving nutrients between osteocytes from the central canal

Run across from lamellae

Deliver nutrients from lacunae to lacunae

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16
Q

what is the process of bone formation/growth called

A

ossification

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17
Q

what are the 2 types of ossification processes

A

endochondral ossification- long bones

intramembranous ossification - flat bones

18
Q

explain the process of endochondral ossification

A

Chondrocytes secrete cartilage matrix

Chondrocytes within the cartilage absorb the surrounding cartilage matrix

The matrix calcifies and the chondrocytes die

Stem cells in the pericardium divide to form osteoblasts

The periosteal bud (consisting of capillaries) form the primary ossification centre

Bone development from the osteoblasts extends toward epiphyses

Same process is repeated in epiphyses  second ossification centres formed

Calcified cartilage is replaced with spongey bone

Osteoclasts reabsorb bone in the diaphysis creating a hollow medullary cavity

Remaining cartilage is over epiphyses forming articular cartilage.

19
Q

explain the process of intramembranous ossification

A

Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts

Osteoblasts lay down osteoid – organic part of bone made of collagen fibres

Some osteoblasts become entrapped in the osteoid and becomes an osteocyte

The osteoid calcifies and forms a type of spongey bone called spicules

These aggregate in small connecting beams called trabeculae

As trabeculae thicken they form compact bone

The blood vessels on the outside of the cells condense to form the periosteum

20
Q

what is a joint

A

A site where 2 bones come together

21
Q

what are the 3 types of joints

A

fixed

cartilaginous

synovial

22
Q

explain what a fixed joint is

A

no movement, held by fibrous connective tissue e.g. sutures in skull

23
Q

explain what a cartilaginous joint is

A

slight movement, held in place by cartilage e.g. symphysis pubis, between vertebrae

24
Q

explain what a synovial joint is

A

amount of movement only limited by ligaments, tendons and adjoining bones e.g. shoulder, wrist, knee,

25
Q

list the different types of synovial joints

A

ball and socket

gliding

saddle

hinge

pivot

condyloid

26
Q

explain what a ball and socket joint is

A

Form when the spherical head of one bone fits into a cup-like cavity of another

E.g. head of humorous into scapula, head of femur fit with pelvis

27
Q

explain what a hinge joint is

A

Allow movement in one plane only

Form when the convex surface of 1 bone fits into the concave surface of another

E.g. elbow, knee, ankle

28
Q

explain what a pivot joint is

A

Formed when the rounded, pointed or conical end of 1 bone articulates with a ring, formed partly by a bone and partly by a ligament

E.g. joint between the first vertebrae and skull, between radius and ulna

29
Q

explain what a gliding joint is

A

Allow movement in any direction in a side-to-side or back-and-forth motion

Restricted only by ligaments of bony processes

E.g. between carpals, between tarsals, between sternum and clavicle

30
Q

explain what a saddle joint is

A

2 bones forming the joint are both saddle shaped

They fit together in a way that allowed side-to-side movement and back and forth movement

E.g. where the thumb joins the palm of the hand

31
Q

explain what a condyloid joint is

A

Have 1 surface of bone slightly convex that fits into a slightly concave depression of another

They allow for movement in 2 directions (up and down and side to side)

E.g. between radius and carpals between metacarpals and phalanges

32
Q

what is the synovial cavity in a joint

A

The space between synovial joints

33
Q

what is the articular capsule in a joint

A

Surrounds and encloses the joints

Fibrous capsule:
-   Dense, fibrous connective tissue attached to 
    periosteum of articulating bones
-   Holds bones together
-   Flexible and strong

Synovial membrane:

  • inner layer of capsule
  • Loose layer of connective tissue
  • Well supplied with blood vessels
  • Lines joint cavity
  • Secretes synovial fluid
34
Q

what is the synovial fluid in a joint

A

Fills joint cavity

Lubricates joint and provides nourishment for cartilage cells

Contains phagocytic cells

Prevents articulating surfaces from touching

35
Q

what is the articular cartilage in a joint

A

Covers articulating surfaces

Provides smooth surface for movement

36
Q

what are the articular discs

A

Made of fibrocartilage

extends inward from the articular cartilage

Divides synovial cavity in 2 so fluid is directed to areas of greatest friction

37
Q

what are the bursae in a joint

A

Little sacs of synovial fluid

Prevent frictions between bone and ligament/tendon or bone and skin

38
Q

what are accessory ligaments in a joint

A

Holds bone together

39
Q

explain the sliding filament theory in term of contracting the muscle

A
  1. Nerve impulses cause axon terminals to release acetylcholine
  2. Acetylcholine initiates an impulse that travels into the T tubules and then into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
  3. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is stimulated to releasee calcium ions
  4. Calcium ions activate myosin which breaks down ATP and remove tropomyosin-troponin complex from the blocking activation sites on actin
  5. Myosin heads attach to activation sites in actin, forming crossbridges
  6. Through powerstrokes, the myosin heads pull along the actin and they slide past each other
  7. This causes the sarcomere to contract
40
Q

explain the sliding filament theory in terms of relaxing the muscle

A
  1. Acetylcholine is inactivated by acetylcholinesterase
  2. Calcium ions are transported back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum using energy from the ATP breakdown
  3. Low calcium ion concentration in sarcoplasm stops the enzyme activity of myosin
  4. ADP is resynthesised into ATP and binds to the myosin crossbridges
  5. Tropomyosin-troponin complex attached back to actin and myosin crossbridges separate
  6. Thin myofilaments return to original position
  7. Sarcomeres return to resting lengths, muscles fibres relax and muscles relax.
41
Q

what is osteporosis

A

Loss of bone mass and density impairs the bone’s normal function

As bone density decreases, risk to bone fractures increases

Even minor bumps/falls can results in serious fractures

Most affected in ribs, vertebrae, pelvis

Treatment: adequate calcium intake in their diet, plenty of exercise

42
Q

what is osteoarthirits

A

Gradual change in joints overtime

Causes: irritation of joints, abrasion and wear

Articular cartilage at joints deteriorates, bone surfaces are no longer protected

The exposed bone wears away and bony spurs may develop from the exposed ends

These spurs decrease space within the joint cavity and restrict movement at the joint

Treatment: hydrotherapy, stretching, exercise

Human bio (16 decks)

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