blood groups/lymphatic system

Question 1

what are antigens

Answer 1

Proteins on the surface of RBCs

Identify what type of cell it is

Specific shape

Question 2

what are antibodies

Answer 2

specialised proteins

Complimentary to non-self antigens

Combine to form antigen-antibody complex –> destroys antigen

Question 3

which blood groups are referred to as universal donors and universal recipients

Answer 3

universal donor: O

universal recipient: AB

Question 4

for blood group A, explain the antigens/antibodies presents and which groups it can donate to

Answer 4

antigen: A
antibody: B

donates to: A, AB

Question 5

for blood group B, explain the antigens/antibodies presents and which groups it can donate to

Answer 5

antigen: B
antibody: A

donates to: B, AB

Question 6

for blood group AB, explain the antigens/antibodies presents and which groups it can donate to

Answer 6

antigen: A and B
antibody: none

donates to: AB

Question 7

for blood group O, explain the antigens/antibodies presents and which groups it can donate to

Answer 7

antigen: none
antibody: A and B

donates to: A, B, AB, O

Question 8

explain what transfusions are

Answer 8

Transfer blood or blood components from one person to another

Must match ABO blood group otherwise erythrocytes causes agglutination and foreign cells will clump together and disintegrate

Rh blood groups must also be matched to prevent production of anti-Rh antibodies

Mismatch causes similar slumping to ABO incompatibility

Question 9

list the different types of transfusions

Answer 9

whole blood

red cell concentrates

platelet concentrates

cryoprecipitate

immunoglobin

autologous tranfusions

Question 10

explain what a whole blood transfusion is

Answer 10

Blood taken from the donor but with a chemical added to prevent clotting

Used in cases of sever blood loss

Question 11

explain what a red cell concentrate transfusion is

Answer 11

The most widely produced component of blood

Produced by spinning blood in a centrifuge to separate components

Platelets and white blood cells may or may not be removed by the centrifuge

Used for patients suffering from heart disease of sever anaemia

Question 12

explain what a platelet concentrate transfusion is

Answer 12

Given to patients who have a reduced number of abnormal platelets

Question 13

explain what a cryoprecipitate concentrate transfusion is

Answer 13

Obtained by freezing plasma and letting it thaw slowly, leaving the cryoprecipitate as a solid

Contains many of the substances necessary for blood clotting

Used for severe bleeding or to treat some forms of haemophilia

Question 14

explain what an immunoglobin transfusion is

Answer 14

Groups of proteins acting as antibodies and extracted from blood

Used to treat patients who are deficient in antibodies

Particular immunoglobins can treat people with no immunity to particular diseases

Question 15

explain what a autologous transfusion is

Answer 15

A patients own blood is used, collected from the patient prior to an operation that may require a blood transfusion

Often used in elective surgery

Autologous transfusion eliminate risk of disease transmissions and possible side effects of usual transfusions

Question 16

what is the lymphatic system

Answer 16

Part of the body’s internal defence against disease-causing organisms

Main function is to collect fluid that escapes walls of blood capillaries and return it to the circulatory system
- Fluids leak out the arterial at the end of capillaries due
to high pressure
- Some fluid is returned to the capillary in the venous
end, but the excess is returned to blood via the
lymphatic system
- The fluid returned is called a lymph
- Clear pale yellow colour

Question 17

Explain the structure of the lymphatic system

Answer 17

A network of lymph capillaries joined to a larger lymph vessel

Lymph nodes, located along the length of some lymph vessels

Question 18

Describe lymph vessels

Answer 18

Lymph doesn’t circulate – one way system

Lymph capillaries are slightly larger and more permeable than regular capillaries

Lymph vessels originate as blind-ended tubes in spaces between cells of tissues

Have valves and relatively low pressure

Network of lymph vessels join to form 2 lymphatic ducts that empty into large veins in the upper chest

Lymph is moved through lymphatic vessels as a result of smooth and skeletal muscle and valves
- Smooth and skeletal muscle contracts wand push
lymph along
- Large lymph vessels have valves that close when the
pressure drops, preventing backflow of lymph

Question 19

Describe structure of lymph nodes

Answer 19

Also called lymph glands

Occur at intervals along lymphatic vessels

Most numerous in the neck, alimentary canal, armpits and groin

Bean shape, range from 1 – 25 mm in length

Each is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue framework that extends into the node

Within the framework are masses of lymphoid tissue containing cells (lymphocytes/macrophages/plasma cells.)

Spaces between cells are criss-crossed by a network of fibres

Question 20

Explain the process of lymph travelling lymph nodes

Answer 20

Lymph enters through the convex side of the node, filters through the spaces and passes out of vessels on the opposite side

Lymph passes through several nodes before entering blood

Question 21

explain the role of the lymphatic system in defence against disease

Answer 21

Lymph entering lymph nodes contains cell debris, foreign particles and micro-organisms which may be able to cause disease and must be destroyed

Larger particles are trapped in the meshwork of fibre as lymph flows through spaces in the nodes

Large phagocytic cells called macrophages destroy these particles by phagocytosis and enzymes

Most bacteria ingested in this way is destroyed within 10 – 30 minutes

When infections occur, the formation of lymphocytes increases, causing lymph nodes to become swollen and sore

Question 22

describe the other components of the lymphatic system

Answer 22

Spleen: acts as a large lymph node

Bone marrow: where lymphocytes are formed

Tonsils: catch harmful bacteria and produce lymphocytes to destroy them

Thymus: where lymphocytes develop and mature