Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human bio > Human bio term 1 > Flashcards

Human bio term 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

was is the structure and function of the cytoplasm

A

jelly like material

fills space between nucleus and membrane

75 - 90% water

cell organelles suspended in it

regulate osmotic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

was is the structure and function of the nucleus

A

largest organelle

oval of sphere shaped

nuclear membrane: double membrane, separates nucleus from cytoplasm

nuclear pore: gaps in the nuclear membrane, lets large molecules enter and leave the nucleus

nucleolus: inside nucleus, contains genetic material in DNA, plays a part in manufacturing proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

was is the structure and function of the ribosomes

A

very small spherical organelles

site of protein synthesis

either attached to endoplasmic reticulum or free floating in cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

was is the structure and function of the endoplasmic reticulum

A

pairs of parallel membranes extending from cell membrane to nucleus

channels are for storing or transporting molecules e.g. protein

provides surface for chemical reactions to take place

rough: ribosomes attached
smooth: no ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

was is the structure and function of the Golgi body

A

flattened stacks

modifies and packages proteins

vesicles: small sacks of liquid containing proteins formed at the edges of the golgi body membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

was is the structure and function of the lysosomes

A

small sphere containing digestive enzymes

can join with vesicles and break down material inside vesicles

remove/break down cell waste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the structure and function of the mitochondria

A

double membrane (outer and inner folded)

sausage shaped

some chemical reactions of cell respiration occur

provides energy available for cellular activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

breifly describe the cell centrioles

A

only appear during cell division

look like celery sticks in diagram

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

was is the structure and function of the cell membrane

A

controls/regulates movement of particles in & out of cell

regulates equilibrium in cell

phospholipid bilayer

phosphate head: hydrophilic (water loving), head faces cytoplasm and outside of cell (both mostly water)

glycerol neck connects to:

2 x fatty chain tails: hydrophobic (water hating), faces inward & not in direct contact with water

embedded between the phospholipids are proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

list the different types of proteins embedded in the cell membrane

A

identity protein

receptor protein

carrier protein

channel protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

list some factors that movement across the cell membrane depends on

A
  1. concentration gradient: movement of particles from higher concentration will move to areas of lower concentration until it is evenly distributed

high - low = no energy
low - high = energy

  1. osmosis: diffusion of water

PASSIVE (with gradient and no energy) vs ACTIVE transport (against gradient and requires energy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the different types of transport across the cell membrane

A

passive: no energy required
active: requires energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

explain simple diffusion

A

spreading out of particles from areas of high - low concentration until they’re evenly distributed down a concentration gradient

only occurs in gases and liquids

passive, no energy required

occurs across cell membrane

only lipid soluble substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

explain osmosis

A

movement/diffusion of water particles from areas of high to low concentration down a concentration gradient

through AQUAPORINS

water molecules can pass through both phospholipid bilayer and channel proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

explain the difference between facilitated diffusion and simple diffusion

A

facilitated: passive, with concentration gradient H-L, water soluble, requires assistance
e. g. glucose molecules
simple: passive, with concentration gradient H-L, lipid soluble, straight through membrane
e. g. O2, CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the 2 different types of passive transport

A

diffusion and osmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

describe what active transport is

A

requires energy (ATP: adenosine triphosphate)

against concentration gradient L-H

example of active transport: vesicular transport
e.g. transporting ions

18
Q

explain what vesicular transport is

A

movement of substances across the membrane in membranous sacks called vesicles

active process: energy is needed to form the vesicles

either
endocytosis: taking substances into the cell by vesicular transport. membrane forms around particle until completely enclosed. Vesicle pinches off and is suspended in the cytoplasm. In pinocytosis (liquids) or phagocytosis (solids)

exocytosis: contents of a vesicle inside the cell are passed to the outside. a vesicle migrates to the membrane and fuses with the membrane. contents of the vesicle are the pushed outside of the cell.

19
Q

what are the 4 main types of tissue

A

muscular

epithelium

connective

nervous

20
Q

describe the structure of epithelium tissue

A

cells are arranged in sheets

joined by small amount of intercellular matrix

rest on basement membrane

either:
simple epithelium: 1 layer

connective epithelium: several layers

21
Q

describe the different types of simple epithelium tissue

A

squamous

cuboidal

columnar

ciliated

22
Q

describe compound epithelium tissue

A

several layers of cells

cells become flatter and more scale like closer to the surface

cells lose their living contents in the skin

found in lining of mouth, pharynx and oesophagus

23
Q

what is the function of epithelium tissue

A

lines internal organs and cavities

protects underlying cells from injury, harmful chemicals, bacteria or drying

absorption

secretes waste

sensation

24
Q

describe connective tissue

A

binds parts of the body together

provides support

found in: rib cage, ears, and joints between bones

25
Q

name the different types of connective tissue

A

areolar

adipose

cartilage

bone

26
Q

describe cuboidal epithelium tissue

A

cells are nearly cube shaped

found in the kidney

27
Q

describe columnar epithelium tissue

A

cells are column shaped

long axis at right angle to basement membrane

found in lining of stomach and intestines

28
Q

describe squamous epithelium tissue

A

flattened and scale like

arranged edge to edge

found in lining of the mouth

29
Q

describe ciliated epithelium tissue

A

short, actively waving threads called cilia are attached to cell edges

found in wall of trachea

30
Q

describe areolar connective tissue

A

white and yellow fibres mixed together as well as other non fibrous ground substances

keeps internal organs in place and binds skin to deeper structures

found in:
under skin, binding it to muscle & surrounding various organs

31
Q

describe adipose connective tissue

A

fatty tissue

few fibres and cells are swollen with fat droplets

protects organs close to it

emergency food reserve

found:
under skin, packed around internal organs

32
Q

describe cartilage connective tissue

A

consists of tough matrix

cells are spread far apart; lots of cell matrix between them

cells continuously divide to multiply

each cell produce fresh matrix, spreading them further apart

found:
wall of trachea

33
Q

describe bone connective tissue

A

very firm connective tissue

cells are separated by matrix of organic material

made up of groups of concentric layers of lamellae surrounding the Haversian canal (contains blood vessels and nerves)

in between lamellae lie small cavities, lacunae

lacunae is united with Haversian canal through canaliculi which run through the lamellae

34
Q

describe muscular tissue

A

has the power of contraction

made up of fibres

3 types:
striped/skeletal/voluntary

unstriped/plain/involuntary

cardiac

35
Q

describe striped/skeletal/voluntary muscular tissue

A

builds muscles under control of will

includes most ‘meat’ or ‘flesh’ of an animal

36
Q

describe unstriped/plain/involuntary muscular tissue

A

builds muscle not under control of will

e.g. in the walls of gut and walls of blood vessels

capable of sustaining slow contractions even when separated from nervous system

sensitive to mechanical stimulation e.g. stretching

37
Q

describe cardiac muscular tissue

A

only found in wall of heart

no sarcolemma and have faint cross striations

cells are not properly divides into seperate units, they branch and join with neighbours so a network is formed

38
Q

describe nervous tissue

A

consists of nervous cells or neurones

has supporting tissue called neuroglia

found:
in brain

39
Q

what is the role of an identity protein

A

determine which type of cell it is

40
Q

what is the role of a receptor protein

A

fit with specific molecules to help carry them across the membrane

41
Q

what is the role of a carrier protein

A

assist molecules moving across the membrane easily

42
Q

what is the role of a channel protein

A

open and allow larger molecules to travel across membrane

Human bio (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions