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PT 661 > Musculoskeletal Forces > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal Forces Flashcards

1
Q

what are external forces?

A

forces acting outside the body

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2
Q

what are internal forces?

A

forces derived from inside the body

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3
Q

What are the type of Internal forces?

A

Active forces
Passive forces

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4
Q

what are active forces?

A

forces produce by activated muscles

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5
Q

what are passive forces?

A

generated by passive tension in deformed tissue

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6
Q

Why do we produce internal forces?

A

predominantly via muscle contraction in order to control external movement tasks

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7
Q

What is the result of internal and external forces?

A

loading of body tissue

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8
Q

What are the external forces that act on the musculoskeletal system?

A

Gravity
Wind
Friction

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9
Q

What are examples of internal forces?

A

muscle
ligament
tendon
cartilage

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10
Q

what are examples of external forces?

A

gravitational forces
ground reaction forces

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11
Q

What is point of force application?

A

where the forces are applied

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12
Q

What is angle of force application?

A

the direction in which the force is applied

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13
Q

What is angle of muscle insertion?

A

The orientation of the muscle insertion relative to the long axis of the bone

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14
Q

What does the angle of muscle insertion dictate?

A

Dictates the angle at which the muscle applies force to move the segment

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15
Q

What is the moment or lever arm?

A

The perpendicular distance between the axis of rotation and the application of force

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16
Q

What does D and D1 represent?

A

D: internal muscle force moment arm
D1: external force moment arm

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17
Q

What are internal joint moments?

A

the product of the internal force and moment arm
ex: bicep produces flexion moment in elbow

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18
Q

what are external joint moments?

A

the product of the external forces and the external moment arm
ex: rotating elbow clockwise to extend elbow

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19
Q

What causes force production?

A

Activation of muscles by the nervous system

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20
Q

What are the types of muscle activation?

A

Isometric
concentric
eccentric

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21
Q

What is an isometric activation?

A

no movement of segment arm is in balance

22
Q

What is an concentric activation?

A

force of muscle is able to exceed the external force on the arm

23
Q

what is an eccentric activation?

A

external force overpowers the internal force; resists being pulled apart

24
Q

What is the muscle actions at a joint?

A

The potential for the muscle to cause a moment in a particular rotation direction and plane

25
Q

What are the planes of movement?

A

Frontal
Horizontal
Sagittal

26
Q

What movements happen in frontal plane?

A

abduction
adduction

27
Q

What movements happen in horizontal plane?

A

external rotation
internal rotation

28
Q

What movements happen in the sagittal plane?

A

flexion
extension

29
Q

What is an agonist muscle?

A

muscles most directed related to the initiation and execution of a movement

30
Q

What is an antagonist muscle?

A

muscles hat have the opposite action as the agonist

31
Q

During Knee flexion which muscle is the agonist?

A

Hamstrings

32
Q

During knee flexion, which muscle is the antagonist?

A

Quadriceps

33
Q

what is muscle synergy?

A

muscle groups that work together to execute a moment in a smooth and coordinated manner
ex: sit to stand uses extensor muscle group synergy

34
Q

What is muscle force couples?

A

two muscles producing force in opposite directions resulting in a moment in the same direction
ex: the pelvis tilting

35
Q

What are the types of lever systems?

A

1st class
2nd class
3rd class

36
Q

Lever systems should be _____

A

Static Rotary Equilibrium (in balance)

37
Q

What is the first class lever system?

A

External Force and Internal force are on opposite sides, have same magnitudes and same external and internal moment arms are the same distance

38
Q

What is the 2nd class lever system?

A

Internal force has higher moment arm than external moment arm; external force is closer to axis of rotation and has less mechanical advantage; force needs to be higher to keep system in balance

39
Q

What is the 3rd class lever system?

A

Internal force is closer to axis of rotation than the external force; internal force has to be doubled of external force; external forcer has larger moment arm; force need to be doubled the size of external force to keep system in balance

40
Q

What is Statics?

A

Study of forces actin on a body at rest or moving with a constant velocity

41
Q

What does static analysis provide?

A

A simple method for analyzing musculoskeletal problems and used to inform clinical physical therapy decision-making

42
Q

What are the three laws on Newton?

A

Law of inertia
Law of acceleration
Law of reaction

43
Q

What is the law of inertia?

A

an object at rest or traveling at a constant velocity remains at rest (or at constant velocity) unless acted upon by an external force

44
Q

What is mass?

A

quantity of matter in an object

45
Q

What is mass moment of inertia?

A

the amount and how mass is distributed in an object

46
Q

what can inertia be thought of?

A

An object’s stubbornness to move

47
Q

What is inertia proportional to?

A

an object’s mass

48
Q

what is the law of acceleration?

A

If unbalance forces are acting on an object, a proportional acceleration in the direction of the greatest force is produced

49
Q

What is law of reaction?

A

for every acton (force), there ia a reaction (opposing force) of equal magnitude but in the opposite direction; ground reaction forces

50
Q

what is static equilibrium?

A

the sum of the internal and external forces and moments acting on the body are equal to 0

51
Q

What is static Rotary Equilibrium?

A

the internal and external moments are equal and opposite

PT 661 (11 decks)

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