Basic Concept of Pharmacology Flashcards
What is the role of the FDA?
Approval
Regulation
Classification
What is the approval stage?
safety and efficacy
What is regulation stage?
have to go through levels of studies to approve if suitable for humans
What is the classification stage?
Prescription (Rx) vs Over the counter (OTC)
What is pharmacokinetics?
the study of how the body absorbs, distributes and eliminates a drug
what is pharmacodynamics?
study of the effect of drugs and their mechanisms of action
what is the site of action?
location where a drug exerts its effect
What is the mechanism of action?
how a drug produces its effects
What is the receptor site?
site on a cell where a drug exerts its effects
How is Pharmcodynamics studied?
Dose-response
curve and maximal efficacy
potency
drug safety and therapeutic index
drug selectivity and side effects (adverse effects)
What is the dose-response curve and efficacy?
response of a drug proportional to dose
What is dose?
amount of drug administered in order to produce a specific effect
What is potency?
measure of strength or concentration of a drug required to produce a specific effect
What is drug safety?
median effective and toxic doses
How do you calculate Therapeutic index (TI)?
Median toxic dose TD50/ median beneficial dose ED50
What is selective?
it affects only one type of cell or tissue and produces a specific response and not bind to a different receptor on that same tissue type
what is non-selective?
binds to everywhere on a particular receptor type
what is pharmacokinetics?
how the body processes the drugs
What are the three main phases of consuming a drug?
Absorption
Distribution
elimination
What is distribution?
storage and redistribution
what is elimination?
Metabolism & execretion
What are the routes of adminstration?
enteral
Parenteral
What is the enteral route?
put into mouth (oral); first pass effect (bypasses GI tract)
buccal (cheek), sublingual (under the tongue) and rectal (anus)
what is the parenteral route?
need a vehicle to introduce drug into body
Inhalation, intranasal (nose) , injection (IV, IM or intrathecal, epidural), topical (skin), transdermal (across skin electricity or ultrasound
How does the drug move across membrane?
Passive diffusion
active transport
facilitated diffusion
endocytosis and exocytosis
What are the factors affecting absorption and distribution?
Properties of the drug
Endogenous carriers
endogenous barriers
physical therapy
What are properties of drugs?
lipid soluble: faster to absorb
water soluble: longer to absorb
what are endogenous carriers?
facilitated transport; substances innate in our body
what are endogenous barriers?
within the body to obstruct a drugs’s ability to get across from side of the cell into another
How does physical therapy affect absorption and distribution?
modalities
excercise heats up system increases diffusion rates
heat tissue or ice tissue to speed or slow down diffusion rate
What are the drug storage sites?
adipose (fat), bone marrow, muscle, organs
What are adverse consequences?
toxic levels
Where do we excrete?
renal, respiratory
What is clearance?
body’s ability to remove the drug from bloodstream
what is clearance determined by?
determined by rate of blood flow and the ability in particular the kidneys to excrete or move the remaining drug
What is half life?
50% of the remaining drug to be eliminated from the body
What factors affect Pharmacokinetics?
genetics
disease
drug interaction
age
diet (grapefruit juice, wine cheese)
sex
other factors
