Basic Concept of Pharmacology

Question 1

What is the role of the FDA?

Answer 1

Approval
Regulation
Classification

Question 2

What is the approval stage?

Answer 2

safety and efficacy

Question 3

What is regulation stage?

Answer 3

have to go through levels of studies to approve if suitable for humans

Question 4

What is the classification stage?

Answer 4

Prescription (Rx) vs Over the counter (OTC)

Question 5

What is pharmacokinetics?

Answer 5

the study of how the body absorbs, distributes and eliminates a drug

Question 6

what is pharmacodynamics?

Answer 6

study of the effect of drugs and their mechanisms of action

Question 7

what is the site of action?

Answer 7

location where a drug exerts its effect

Question 8

What is the mechanism of action?

Answer 8

how a drug produces its effects

Question 9

What is the receptor site?

Answer 9

site on a cell where a drug exerts its effects

Question 10

How is Pharmcodynamics studied?

Answer 10

Dose-response
curve and maximal efficacy
potency
drug safety and therapeutic index
drug selectivity and side effects (adverse effects)

Question 11

What is the dose-response curve and efficacy?

Answer 11

response of a drug proportional to dose

Question 12

What is dose?

Answer 12

amount of drug administered in order to produce a specific effect

Question 13

What is potency?

Answer 13

measure of strength or concentration of a drug required to produce a specific effect

Question 14

What is drug safety?

Answer 14

median effective and toxic doses

Question 15

How do you calculate Therapeutic index (TI)?

Answer 15

Median toxic dose TD50/ median beneficial dose ED50

Question 16

What is selective?

Answer 16

it affects only one type of cell or tissue and produces a specific response and not bind to a different receptor on that same tissue type

Question 17

what is non-selective?

Answer 17

binds to everywhere on a particular receptor type

Question 18

what is pharmacokinetics?

Answer 18

how the body processes the drugs

Question 19

What are the three main phases of consuming a drug?

Answer 19

Absorption
Distribution
elimination

Question 20

What is distribution?

Answer 20

storage and redistribution

Question 21

what is elimination?

Answer 21

Metabolism & execretion

Question 22

What are the routes of adminstration?

Answer 22

enteral
Parenteral

Question 23

What is the enteral route?

Answer 23

put into mouth (oral); first pass effect (bypasses GI tract)
buccal (cheek), sublingual (under the tongue) and rectal (anus)

Question 24

what is the parenteral route?

Answer 24

need a vehicle to introduce drug into body
Inhalation, intranasal (nose) , injection (IV, IM or intrathecal, epidural), topical (skin), transdermal (across skin electricity or ultrasound

Question 25

How does the drug move across membrane?

Answer 25

Passive diffusion active transport facilitated diffusion endocytosis and exocytosis

Question 26

What are the factors affecting absorption and distribution?

Answer 26

Properties of the drug Endogenous carriers endogenous barriers physical therapy

Question 27

What are properties of drugs?

Answer 27

lipid soluble: faster to absorb water soluble: longer to absorb

Question 28

what are endogenous carriers?

Answer 28

facilitated transport; substances innate in our body

Question 29

what are endogenous barriers?

Answer 29

within the body to obstruct a drugs's ability to get across from side of the cell into another

Question 30

How does physical therapy affect absorption and distribution?

Answer 30

modalities excercise heats up system increases diffusion rates heat tissue or ice tissue to speed or slow down diffusion rate

Question 31

What are the drug storage sites?

Answer 31

adipose (fat), bone marrow, muscle, organs

Question 32

What are adverse consequences?

Answer 32

toxic levels

Question 33

Where do we excrete?

Answer 33

renal, respiratory

Question 34

What is clearance?

Answer 34

body's ability to remove the drug from bloodstream

Question 35

what is clearance determined by?

Answer 35

determined by rate of blood flow and the ability in particular the kidneys to excrete or move the remaining drug

Question 36

What is half life?

Answer 36

50% of the remaining drug to be eliminated from the body

Question 37

What factors affect Pharmacokinetics?

Answer 37

genetics disease drug interaction age diet (grapefruit juice, wine cheese) sex other factors