Acute Inflammation

Question 1

What is the purpose of Acute Inflammation?

Answer 1

Bring cells and molecules of host defense cells from the circulation to sites where they are needed in order to eliminate offending agents and removed damaged tissue

Question 2

What does acute inflammation look like?

Answer 2

Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain
Loss of Function
called the “cardinal signs”

Question 3

What does Acute Inflammation do?

Answer 3

Rid host on initial cause of injury
remove necrotic cells tissues and debris (clean slate)
tissue repair

Question 4

What are the steps to tissue repair?

Answer 4

Inflammation
Proliferation
Maturation

Question 5

What are the steps to “Turning on” inflammation?

Answer 5

Recognition
Recruitment
Removal

Question 6

What are the steps to “turning off” inflammation?

Answer 6

Regulation
Resolution

Question 7

What are the cells in blood?

Answer 7

Red blood cells (99%)
Platelets (thrombocytes)
White blood cells (leukocytes)

Question 8

What are types of white blood cells?

Answer 8

Neutrophils (60-70%)
Monocyte/macrophage (3-8%)

Question 9

What do Sentinel Cells do?

Answer 9

Recognize microbes and substances
Phagocytize microbes and debris
Release Cytokines and other mediators

Question 10

What are the types of Sentinel Cells?

Answer 10

Resident Macrophages
Dendritic cells
Mast cells

Question 11

What are the inflammatory mediators?

Answer 11

cytokines
histamine
prostaglandins, luekotrienes

Question 12

What is the function of Cytokines?

Answer 12

secreted by immune cells that modulate the immune response

Question 13

What does it mean for a mediator to be Pro-Inflammatory?

Answer 13

induce fever, inflammation, tissue destruction in response to injury

Question 14

what does it mean for a mediator to be anti-inflammatory?

Answer 14

suppress actions of pro-inflammatory

Question 15

What is the function of histamine?

Answer 15

Vasodilation and increased capillary permeability

Question 16

Where is histamine released from?

Answer 16

mast cells

Question 17

What is the function of prostaglandins and leukotrienes?

Answer 17

vasodilation, pain and platelet activation

Question 18

why are the prostaglandins and leukotrienes produced?

Answer 18

in response to cytokines

Question 19

What is hemostasis?

Answer 19

The immediate response to prevent blood loss

Question 20

What happens during hemostasis?

Answer 20

Damaged endothelial cells release mediators that cause vasoconstriction, platelet activation, and fibrin clot formation

Question 21

What happens during vasoconstriction?

Answer 21

reflex vessel has to decrease flow of blood to area

Question 22

What happens during Platelet Activation?

Answer 22

becomes sticky and begin to line up along the area of injury of the vessel; stick together and from plug to fill hole in blood vessel

Question 23

What happens during fibrin clot formation?

Answer 23

mesh or network of fibers that interweaves the platelets in order to form a stable clot; stable clot plugs the hole and prevent the loss of blood from the blood vessel

Question 24

How is injury recognized?

Answer 24

Sentinel cells that reside in tissues initiate response and release inflammatory mediators

Question 25

How are cells recruited?

Answer 25

Inflammatory mediators act on local blood vessels

Question 26

What happens during vasodilation?

Answer 26

Increase blood flow

Question 27

What happens during vascular stasis?

Answer 27

velocity of blood flow slows down

Question 28

What are vasodilation and vascular stasis responsible for?

Answer 28

redness warmth swelling

Question 29

What happens during increased vessel permeability?

Answer 29

Histamine mediated process that makes the vessels leak and allows proteins and the cells that are in blood vessels to get out of the blood vessels into the tissues where they can have their major function

Question 30

What is endothelial cell retraction?

Answer 30

gap between endothelial cells

Question 31

What are the steps of extravasation?

Answer 31

roll adhere migrate

Question 32

Which protein is used during chemotaxis?

Answer 32

motor protein

Question 33

How is damaged tissue removed?

Answer 33

Neutrophils perform phagocytosis, degranulation, releasing reactive oxygen species (enzymes) and dies within 12-24 hours Macrophages (BIG EATERS) clean up debris and release anti-inflammatory mediators

Question 34

What happens during Down-regulation?

Answer 34

Removal of injury stimulus short life span of neutrophils anti-inflammatory mediators released by macrophages and other cells

Question 35

What happens during Fibroblast Proliferation and migration to area of injury?

Answer 35

Production of collagen and ECM components Main cell of "proliferative phase of healing

Question 36

How is inflammation Regulated?

Answer 36

Down-regulation Fibroblast Proliferation & Migration

Question 37

How does inflammation resolve?

Answer 37

resolves close to original tissue OR pus formation (abscess), fibrosis (scar tissue); suboptimal healing response OR fibrosis (scar tissue); damage to tissue can't regenerate OR prolonged, repetitive injury; Chronic inflammation

Question 38

What can go wrong with acute inflammation?

Answer 38

too much: chronic inflammation too little: delayed healing, non-healing

Question 39

What happens/causes too much acute inflammation?

Answer 39

Prolonged, persistent or repeated injury/ infection

Question 40

What happens/causes too little acute inflammation?

Answer 40

aging disease (diabetes, vascular disease) inappropriate use of ant-inflammatory medication

Question 41

what happens during misdirected inflammation?

Answer 41

attack against self tissue

Question 42

What happens during mistriggered inflammation?

Answer 42

hypersensitive and allergies