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PT 661 > Acute Inflammation > Flashcards

Acute Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of Acute Inflammation?

A

Bring cells and molecules of host defense cells from the circulation to sites where they are needed in order to eliminate offending agents and removed damaged tissue

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2
Q

What does acute inflammation look like?

A

Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain
Loss of Function
called the “cardinal signs”

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3
Q

What does Acute Inflammation do?

A

Rid host on initial cause of injury
remove necrotic cells tissues and debris (clean slate)
tissue repair

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4
Q

What are the steps to tissue repair?

A

Inflammation
Proliferation
Maturation

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5
Q

What are the steps to “Turning on” inflammation?

A

Recognition
Recruitment
Removal

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6
Q

What are the steps to “turning off” inflammation?

A

Regulation
Resolution

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7
Q

What are the cells in blood?

A

Red blood cells (99%)
Platelets (thrombocytes)
White blood cells (leukocytes)

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8
Q

What are types of white blood cells?

A

Neutrophils (60-70%)
Monocyte/macrophage (3-8%)

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9
Q

What do Sentinel Cells do?

A

Recognize microbes and substances
Phagocytize microbes and debris
Release Cytokines and other mediators

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10
Q

What are the types of Sentinel Cells?

A

Resident Macrophages
Dendritic cells
Mast cells

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11
Q

What are the inflammatory mediators?

A

cytokines
histamine
prostaglandins, luekotrienes

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12
Q

What is the function of Cytokines?

A

secreted by immune cells that modulate the immune response

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13
Q

What does it mean for a mediator to be Pro-Inflammatory?

A

induce fever, inflammation, tissue destruction in response to injury

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14
Q

what does it mean for a mediator to be anti-inflammatory?

A

suppress actions of pro-inflammatory

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15
Q

What is the function of histamine?

A

Vasodilation and increased capillary permeability

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16
Q

Where is histamine released from?

A

mast cells

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17
Q

What is the function of prostaglandins and leukotrienes?

A

vasodilation, pain and platelet activation

18
Q

why are the prostaglandins and leukotrienes produced?

A

in response to cytokines

19
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

The immediate response to prevent blood loss

20
Q

What happens during hemostasis?

A

Damaged endothelial cells release mediators that cause vasoconstriction, platelet activation, and fibrin clot formation

21
Q

What happens during vasoconstriction?

A

reflex vessel has to decrease flow of blood to area

22
Q

What happens during Platelet Activation?

A

becomes sticky and begin to line up along the area of injury of the vessel; stick together and from plug to fill hole in blood vessel

23
Q

What happens during fibrin clot formation?

A

mesh or network of fibers that interweaves the platelets in order to form a stable clot; stable clot plugs the hole and prevent the loss of blood from the blood vessel

24
Q

How is injury recognized?

A

Sentinel cells that reside in tissues initiate response and release inflammatory mediators

25
Q

How are cells recruited?

A

Inflammatory mediators act on local blood vessels

26
Q

What happens during vasodilation?

A

Increase blood flow

27
Q

What happens during vascular stasis?

A

velocity of blood flow slows down

28
Q

What are vasodilation and vascular stasis responsible for?

A

redness
warmth
swelling

29
Q

What happens during increased vessel permeability?

A

Histamine mediated process that makes the vessels leak and allows proteins and the cells that are in blood vessels to get out of the blood vessels into the tissues where they can have their major function

30
Q

What is endothelial cell retraction?

A

gap between endothelial cells

31
Q

What are the steps of extravasation?

A

roll
adhere
migrate

32
Q

Which protein is used during chemotaxis?

A

motor protein

33
Q

How is damaged tissue removed?

A

Neutrophils perform phagocytosis, degranulation, releasing reactive oxygen species (enzymes) and dies within 12-24 hours

Macrophages (BIG EATERS) clean up debris and release anti-inflammatory mediators

34
Q

What happens during Down-regulation?

A

Removal of injury stimulus
short life span of neutrophils
anti-inflammatory mediators released by macrophages and other cells

35
Q

What happens during Fibroblast Proliferation and migration to area of injury?

A

Production of collagen and ECM components
Main cell of “proliferative phase of healing

36
Q

How is inflammation Regulated?

A

Down-regulation
Fibroblast Proliferation & Migration

37
Q

How does inflammation resolve?

A

resolves close to original tissue
OR
pus formation (abscess), fibrosis (scar tissue); suboptimal healing response
OR
fibrosis (scar tissue); damage to tissue can’t regenerate
OR
prolonged, repetitive injury; Chronic inflammation

38
Q

What can go wrong with acute inflammation?

A

too much: chronic inflammation
too little: delayed healing, non-healing

39
Q

What happens/causes too much acute inflammation?

A

Prolonged, persistent or repeated injury/ infection

40
Q

What happens/causes too little acute inflammation?

A

aging disease (diabetes, vascular disease)
inappropriate use of ant-inflammatory medication

41
Q

what happens during misdirected inflammation?

A

attack against self tissue

42
Q

What happens during mistriggered inflammation?

A

hypersensitive and allergies

PT 661 (11 decks)

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