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Patho > Musculoskeletal Disorders Pt. 1 > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal Disorders Pt. 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the structural components of osseous bone?

A

Bone matrix and osteocytes

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2
Q

What are the types of osseous bone?

A

Compact bone and trabecular bone

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3
Q

What is the function of bone?

A

Protect organs, levers for movement, houses hematopoietic cells, and calcium/phosphate ion sink

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4
Q

What are the components of bone?

A

Bone matrix and osseous cells

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5
Q

What are the three major types of mature bone cells?

A

Osteoclasts
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes

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6
Q

What bone cell removes and remodels bone matrix?

A

Osteoclasts

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7
Q

What bone cells secrete new bone matrix (ossification)?

A

Osteoblasts

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8
Q

What bone cells surround themselves with bone matrix and maintain the surrounding bone matrix?

A

Osteocytes

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9
Q

What is the functional unit of the compact bone?

A

Osteon

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10
Q

What part of compact bone contains nerves and vessels?

A

Central canal

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11
Q

What are the thin branches of bone that form an open network?

A

Trabeculae

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12
Q

What is located between the trabeculae in spongy bone?

A

Red marrow

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13
Q

What is the continuous process of bone resorption by osteoclasts, followed by a period of repair during which new bone tissue is synthesized by osteoblasts?

A

Bone remodeling

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14
Q

What happens when bone catabolism overtakes bone anabolism due to inadequate Ca+2 intake, increase osteoclast activity and increased parathyroid activity?

A

Bone degeneration.

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15
Q

What is the body’s reserve for many inorganic ions?

A

Bone mineral

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16
Q

What is critical for neuron impulse conduction, muscle contraction, and anticipated as a cofactors in many enzymatic reactions?

A

Calcium

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17
Q

What is secreted into the blood in response to increasing Ca2+ levels?

A

Calcitonin (thyroid)

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18
Q

What is secreted into the blood in response to decreasing Ca2+ levels?

A

Parathyroid hormone or PTH

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19
Q

Parathyroid hormone has effects on what 3 target organs?

A

Kidneys, GI tract, osteoclasts

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20
Q

Thyroid gland secreting calcitonin has effects on what target organs?

A

Kidney, and osteoclasts

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21
Q

What is the thick layer of fibrous tissue that surrounds an entire muscle?

A

Epimysium

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22
Q

what is the layer of fibrous tissue that surrounds a fascicle?

A

Perimysium

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23
Q

What is a bundle of skeletal muscle fibers?

A

Fascicle

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24
Q

What is a thin layer of areolar tissue surrounding a single muscle fiber?

A

Endomysium

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25
What skeletal muscle fiber is equivalent to the plasma membrane?
Sarcolemma
26
What skeletal muscle fiber is equivalent to the cytoplasm?
Sarcoplasm
27
What skeletal muscle fiber is equivalent to the muscle specific version of the endoplasmic reticulum that stores Ca2+?
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
28
What are cylinders consisting of a bundle of protein filaments called myofilaments?
Myofibrils
29
What is the site of excitation coupling?
The neuromuscular junction
30
What is a chromosomal abnormality resulting with three copies of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21) that is characterized by multiple congenital and developmental abnormalities?
Down syndrome
31
What is the most common inherited chromosomal disorder: occurring once in every 700 live births?
Down Syndrome
32
What pathology is characterize by Flat facial profile, oblique eyes, and epicanthic folds?
Down Syndrome
33
What pathology presents with the characteristic of Atlantoaxial instability (AAI) of the cervical spine (subluxation between C1 and C2?
Down Syndrome
34
What pathology is the most common group of inherited progressive neuromuscular childhood disorders?
Muscular dystrophy
35
What pathology presents with the following muscle dystrophies: shoulder girdle (trapezius, levator scapulae, rhomboids, serratus anterior), pectoral muscles, deltoid, rectus abdominis, gluteals, hamstrings, calf muscles. 
Duchenne
36
What pathology presents with the following muscular dystrophies: neck, trunk, pelvic and shoulder girdle. 
Becker
37
What is a sign of lumbar and gluteal weakness as a child stands from a prone position?
Gower sign
38
What pathology is relevant to the following treatments: - Strength training is not helpful and may weaken and exacerbate the symptoms - Contracture management using physical therapy (stretching, splinting, and casting) - Glucocorticoid therapy (steroidal anti-inflammatories) may slow the progression of injury, inflammation, and fibrosis/fatty tissue accumulation within the muscle
Muscular dystrophy
39
What pathology is also known as brittle bone disease), is a rare congenital collagen synthesis disorder affecting bones and connective tissue?
Osteogenesis imperfecta
40
What type of OI is the mildest form of OI causing mild to moderate skeletal fragility without deformity?
Type 1
41
What type of OI is moderately severe consisting of progressive deformities, including vertebral column deformation, limb deformation, osteoporosis and disability?
Type 3
42
The following description is the Pathophysiology of what pathology: caused by over a 150 different mutations of the Type I collagen genes, while a minority of cases involve other genes that may regulate collagen synthesis or collagen fiber organization?
OI
43
What specific pathology has the following clinical presentation: Normal bone appearance with occasional fractures
OI, type 1
44
What specific pathology has the following clinical presentation: readily identified at birth from presence of abnormal skeletal structure and fracture?
OI, type 3
45
What pathology do we see a clinical management of implantation of a intramedullary rod?
OI
46
What is disorder of decreased bone mass and microscopic injury/degeneration of bone microanatomy?
Osteoporosis
47
What is the type of osteoporosis has an unknown etiology, but is associated with negative calcium balance due to activity levels or endocrine dysfunction?
Primary osteoporosis
48
What type of osteoporosis is associated with medications, other conditions, or diseases?
Secondary osteoporosis
49
What group of people is osteoporosis most common in?
postmenopausal women
50
How many men will experience an osteoporosis-related fragility fracture during their lifetime?
1 in 4
51
What occurs due to many contributory factors including, Mild and prolonged negative calcium balance, Declining gonadal and adrenal function, Relative or progressive estrogen deficiency, and Sedentary lifestyle
Primary osteoporosis
52
What is associated with long-term medication treatment, other conditions, or diseases caused by, Prolonged therapy with corticosteroids, heparin, anticonvulsants, and other medications, Alcoholism, malnutrition, malabsorption, or lactose intolerance, and Endocrine disorders
Secondary osteoporosis
53
What begins when new bone production decreases below bone breakdown (resorption) during bone remodeling which characterizes age-related bone mass decline?
Osteoporosis
54
What pathology is characterized by Loss of overall body height and postural changes, and Back pain and/or bone fracture?
Osteoporosis
55
Clinical management of what pathology includes Adequate calcium: childhood and adolescence calcium intake is essential to increase bone mineral density (1300 mg daily for 9-18 y; 1000 mg for males; 1000 mg for females (1200 mg females >50 y) And Adequate Vitamin D: required for intestinal absorption of calcium from the diet; adequate sun exposure is necessary for vitamin D synthesis, but is supplemented in many foods
Osteoporosis
56
A DXA sack and bone mineral density studies are ways to manage what pathology?
Osteoporosis
57
What is a progressive disease characterized as lack of mineralization decreasing the strength of the bone matrix without bone matrix reduction?
Osteomalacia
58
What is caused by Insufficient intestinal calcium absorption (lack of calcium, vitamin D, or resistance to vitamin D) and Increased renal phosphorus losses (renal failure; long-term use of antacids, etc.) ?
Osteomalacia
59
What primarily occurs in malnourished aging adults who may not receive adequate sunlight?
Osteomalacia
60
What is seen with greater frequency in cultures where the population has increased skin pigmentation and vitamin D dietary deficiency?
Osteomalacia
61
What develops due to lack of calcium ion deposited into the growing or remodeling bone matrix?
Osteomalacia
62
What is accompanied by hypocalcemia (low serum Ca++ levels) causing latent tetany, paresthesia of the hands, and muscle cramps?
Osteomalacia
63
What is also known as osteitis deformans) is the second most common metabolic bone disease after osteoporosis?
Paget’s disease
64
What can be described as a state of high bone turnover with abnormal bone production?
Paget’s disease
65
What is a common disease of the aging population,Rarely manifesting before age 35 Increasing prevalence among adults older than age 50 (3% to 4% may be affected of the population older than age 50)
Paget’s disease
66
What stage of Paget’s disease involves abnormal osteoclasts proliferation and excessive bone resorption outpacing osteoblast function?
Initial resorptive stage
67
What stage of Paget’s disease involves normal trabecular bone is replaced by coarse, thick struts; normal compact bone is irregularly thickened, rough, and pitted?
Osteoblastic sclerotic phase
68
What clinical presentation of Paget’s disease weakens bone in the axial skeleton, but can also affect other sites?
Progressive demineralization
69
What is a key enzyme secreted by bone cells which is excessively secreted in Paget bone?
Serum alkaline phosphate
70
What is typically used for treatment of Paget’s disease?
bisphosphonates
71
How is successful treatment of Paget’s disease monitored?
By using serum alkaline phosphatase

Patho (9 decks)

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