Musculoskeletal Disorders Pt. 1 Flashcards
What are the structural components of osseous bone?
Bone matrix and osteocytes
What are the types of osseous bone?
Compact bone and trabecular bone
What is the function of bone?
Protect organs, levers for movement, houses hematopoietic cells, and calcium/phosphate ion sink
What are the components of bone?
Bone matrix and osseous cells
What are the three major types of mature bone cells?
Osteoclasts
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
What bone cell removes and remodels bone matrix?
Osteoclasts
What bone cells secrete new bone matrix (ossification)?
Osteoblasts
What bone cells surround themselves with bone matrix and maintain the surrounding bone matrix?
Osteocytes
What is the functional unit of the compact bone?
Osteon
What part of compact bone contains nerves and vessels?
Central canal
What are the thin branches of bone that form an open network?
Trabeculae
What is located between the trabeculae in spongy bone?
Red marrow
What is the continuous process of bone resorption by osteoclasts, followed by a period of repair during which new bone tissue is synthesized by osteoblasts?
Bone remodeling
What happens when bone catabolism overtakes bone anabolism due to inadequate Ca+2 intake, increase osteoclast activity and increased parathyroid activity?
Bone degeneration.
What is the body’s reserve for many inorganic ions?
Bone mineral
What is critical for neuron impulse conduction, muscle contraction, and anticipated as a cofactors in many enzymatic reactions?
Calcium
What is secreted into the blood in response to increasing Ca2+ levels?
Calcitonin (thyroid)
What is secreted into the blood in response to decreasing Ca2+ levels?
Parathyroid hormone or PTH
Parathyroid hormone has effects on what 3 target organs?
Kidneys, GI tract, osteoclasts
Thyroid gland secreting calcitonin has effects on what target organs?
Kidney, and osteoclasts
What is the thick layer of fibrous tissue that surrounds an entire muscle?
Epimysium
what is the layer of fibrous tissue that surrounds a fascicle?
Perimysium
What is a bundle of skeletal muscle fibers?
Fascicle
What is a thin layer of areolar tissue surrounding a single muscle fiber?
Endomysium
What skeletal muscle fiber is equivalent to the plasma membrane?
Sarcolemma
What skeletal muscle fiber is equivalent to the cytoplasm?
Sarcoplasm
What skeletal muscle fiber is equivalent to the muscle specific version of the endoplasmic reticulum that stores Ca2+?
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
What are cylinders consisting of a bundle of protein filaments called myofilaments?
Myofibrils
What is the site of excitation coupling?
The neuromuscular junction
What is a chromosomal abnormality resulting with three copies of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21) that is characterized by multiple congenital and developmental abnormalities?
Down syndrome
What is the most common inherited chromosomal disorder: occurring once in every 700 live births?
Down Syndrome
What pathology is characterize by Flat facial profile, oblique eyes, and epicanthic folds?
Down Syndrome
What pathology presents with the characteristic of Atlantoaxial instability (AAI) of the cervical spine (subluxation between C1 and C2?
Down Syndrome
What pathology is the most common group of inherited progressive neuromuscular childhood disorders?
Muscular dystrophy
What pathology presents with the following muscle dystrophies: shoulder girdle (trapezius, levator scapulae, rhomboids, serratus anterior), pectoral muscles, deltoid, rectus abdominis, gluteals, hamstrings, calf muscles.
Duchenne
What pathology presents with the following muscular dystrophies: neck, trunk, pelvic and shoulder girdle.
Becker
What is a sign of lumbar and gluteal weakness as a child stands from a prone position?
Gower sign
What pathology is relevant to the following treatments:
- Strength training is not helpful and may weaken and exacerbate the symptoms
- Contracture management using physical therapy (stretching, splinting, and casting)
- Glucocorticoid therapy (steroidal anti-inflammatories) may slow the progression of injury, inflammation, and fibrosis/fatty tissue accumulation within the muscle
Muscular dystrophy
What pathology is also known as brittle bone disease), is a rare congenital collagen synthesis disorder affecting bones and connective tissue?
Osteogenesis imperfecta
What type of OI is the mildest form of OI causing mild to moderate skeletal fragility without deformity?
Type 1
What type of OI is moderately severe consisting of progressive deformities, including vertebral column deformation, limb deformation, osteoporosis and disability?
Type 3
The following description is the Pathophysiology of what pathology: caused by over a 150 different mutations of the Type I collagen genes, while a minority of cases involve other genes that may regulate collagen synthesis or collagen fiber organization?
OI
What specific pathology has the following clinical presentation: Normal bone appearance with occasional fractures
OI, type 1
What specific pathology has the following clinical presentation: readily identified at birth from presence of abnormal skeletal structure and fracture?
OI, type 3
What pathology do we see a clinical management of implantation of a intramedullary rod?
OI
What is disorder of decreased bone mass and microscopic injury/degeneration of bone microanatomy?
Osteoporosis
What is the type of osteoporosis has an unknown etiology, but is associated with negative calcium balance due to activity levels or endocrine dysfunction?
Primary osteoporosis
What type of osteoporosis is associated with medications, other conditions, or diseases?
Secondary osteoporosis
What group of people is osteoporosis most common in?
postmenopausal women
How many men will experience an osteoporosis-related fragility fracture during their lifetime?
1 in 4
What occurs due to many contributory factors including, Mild and prolonged negative calcium balance, Declining gonadal and adrenal function, Relative or progressive estrogen deficiency, and Sedentary lifestyle
Primary osteoporosis
What is associated with long-term medication treatment, other conditions, or diseases caused by, Prolonged therapy with corticosteroids, heparin, anticonvulsants, and other medications, Alcoholism, malnutrition, malabsorption, or lactose intolerance, and Endocrine disorders
Secondary osteoporosis
What begins when new bone production decreases below bone breakdown (resorption) during bone remodeling which characterizes age-related bone mass decline?
Osteoporosis
What pathology is characterized by Loss of overall body height and postural changes, and Back pain and/or bone fracture?
Osteoporosis
Clinical management of what pathology includes Adequate calcium: childhood and adolescence calcium intake is essential to increase bone mineral density (1300 mg daily for 9-18 y; 1000 mg for males; 1000 mg for females (1200 mg females >50 y)
And Adequate Vitamin D: required for intestinal absorption of calcium from the diet; adequate sun exposure is necessary for vitamin D synthesis, but is supplemented in many foods
Osteoporosis
A DXA sack and bone mineral density studies are ways to manage what pathology?
Osteoporosis
What is a progressive disease characterized as lack of mineralization decreasing the strength of the bone matrix without bone matrix reduction?
Osteomalacia
What is caused by Insufficient intestinal calcium absorption (lack of calcium, vitamin D, or resistance to vitamin D) and Increased renal phosphorus losses (renal failure; long-term use of antacids, etc.) ?
Osteomalacia
What primarily occurs in malnourished aging adults who may not receive adequate sunlight?
Osteomalacia
What is seen with greater frequency in cultures where the population has increased skin pigmentation and vitamin D dietary deficiency?
Osteomalacia
What develops due to lack of calcium ion deposited into the growing or remodeling bone matrix?
Osteomalacia
What is accompanied by hypocalcemia (low serum Ca++ levels) causing latent tetany, paresthesia of the hands, and muscle cramps?
Osteomalacia
What is also known as osteitis deformans) is the second most common metabolic bone disease after osteoporosis?
Paget’s disease
What can be described as a state of high bone turnover with abnormal bone production?
Paget’s disease
What is a common disease of the aging population,Rarely manifesting before age 35
Increasing prevalence among adults older than age 50 (3% to 4% may be affected of the population older than age 50)
Paget’s disease
What stage of Paget’s disease involves abnormal osteoclasts proliferation and excessive bone resorption outpacing osteoblast function?
Initial resorptive stage
What stage of Paget’s disease involves normal trabecular bone is replaced by coarse, thick struts; normal compact bone is irregularly thickened, rough, and pitted?
Osteoblastic sclerotic phase
What clinical presentation of Paget’s disease weakens bone in the axial skeleton, but can also affect other sites?
Progressive demineralization
What is a key enzyme secreted by bone cells which is excessively secreted in Paget bone?
Serum alkaline phosphate
What is typically used for treatment of Paget’s disease?
bisphosphonates
How is successful treatment of Paget’s disease monitored?
By using serum alkaline phosphatase
