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Patho > Exam 3 Endocrine And Metabolic Disorders > Flashcards

Exam 3 Endocrine And Metabolic Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What secrete hormones into the blood stream that have downstream effects in target cells and organs

A

Endocrine cells.

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2
Q

What are secretory cells that secrete hormones?

A

Endocrine secretory cells.

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3
Q

What are neurons that secrete neurotransmitters and other signaling molecules into the bloodstream?

A

Neurocendocrine cells.

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4
Q

What kind of feedback mechanism do almost all organs operate by?

A

Negative feedback

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5
Q

What is the integration center for neuroendocrine regulation?

A

Hypothalamus

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6
Q

What hormone works as an antioxidant, causes drowsiness and helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle?

A

Melatonin

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7
Q

What hormone stimulates growth and cell reproduction, releases insulin like growth factor 1 from the liver, and is in charge of retention of nitrogen to promote protein anabolism?

A

Somatropin ( growth hormone)

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8
Q

What hormone promotes secretory activity?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone

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9
Q

What hormone promotes the development of ovarian follicles, secretion of estrogen, and maturation of sperm.

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

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10
Q

WHat hormone promotes ovulation and formation of corpus luteum, secretion of progesterone and secretion of testosterone

A

Luteinizing hormone

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11
Q

What hormone maintains corpus luteum and progesterone secretion, stimulates milk production and gives sexual gratification after sexual activity?

A

Prolactin

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12
Q

What hormone stimulates secretory activity and synthesis of corticosteroids?

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

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13
Q

What hormone breaks down fat and stimulates melanin production?

A

Lipotropin

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14
Q

What hormone produces melanin in skin and hair?

A

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

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15
Q

What hormone helps with reabsorption of water, vasoconstriction, release of ACTH in anterior pituitary?

A

Antidiuretic hormone

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16
Q

What hormone stimulated contraction in female parts, releases breast milk, And regulates circadian rhythms?

A

Oxytocin

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17
Q

What hormone regulates oxidation of body cells and growth metabolism, influences gluconeogenesis, metabolizes fats and exchanges water, electrolytes,and protein synesthesia, increases basal metabolic rate and sensitivity to catecholamines?

A

Thyroxine

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18
Q

What hormone is in charge of calcium and phosphorus metabolism, constructs bone and reduces serum calcium?

A

Calcitonin

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19
Q

What hormone is essential for calcium and phosphorus metabolism of calcification of bone?

A

Parathyroid hormone

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20
Q

What hormone maintains fluid/electrolyte balance, reabsorbs sodium chloride, and secretes potassium

A

Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

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21
Q

What hormone is concerned with food metabolism and body response to stress, preserves carbs and mobilizes amino acids, promotes gluconeogenesis, suppresses inflammation and immune function?

A

Glucocorticoids (cortisol)

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22
Q

What hormones allows us to influence secondary sex characteristics?

A

Sex hormone

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23
Q

What hormone is responsible for the fight or flight response?

A

Epinephrine (adrenaline)

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24
Q

What hormone causes vasoconstriction and other effects similar to epinephrine?

A

Norepinephrine

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25
Q

Whoa t hormone is increases utilization of carbs and decreases blood glucose?

A

Insulin

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26
Q

What hormone is the hyperglycemic factor that increases blood glucose via glycogenolysis

A

Glucagon

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27
Q

What hormone slows down gastric emptying and inhibit s digestive function and food intake?

A

Amylin

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28
Q

What hormone is responsible for secondary sex characteristics, maturation and sexual function mainly in females?

A

Estrogen

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29
Q

What hormone is for the preparation and maintenance of pregnancy?

A

Progesterone

30
Q

What hormone is responsible for secondary sex characteristics, maturation and sexual function mainly in males?

A

Testosterone

31
Q

What hormone inhibits production do PSH

A

Inhibin

32
Q

What hormone controls metabolism, hunger and vasoconstriction ?

A

Adiponectin leptin (LEP)

33
Q

What is an abnormal or excessive production of hormones or cytokines due to cancer that disrupt homeostasis?

A

Paraneoplastic syndrome

34
Q

What is a key regulator of several target endocrine glands

A

Pituitary gland

35
Q

What is the excessive secretion of one or more pituitary hormones usually caused by a benign pituitary tumor?

A

Hyperpituitarism

36
Q

Excessive secretion of what hormone can cause Cushing disease?

A

ACTH

37
Q

Excessive secretion of what hormone can stimulate excessive, abnormal skeletal and organ growth?

A

GH

38
Q

Excessive secretion of what hormone can disrupt the female reproductive cycle and stimulates typical milk production, stimulate gynecomastia and disrupt reproductive function in males?

A

Prolactin

39
Q

What causes overgrowth of bone in width and thickness with excessive growth of face, jaw, hands, feet, enlargrd tongue and organ enlargement?

A

Acromegaly

40
Q

Compression of what two structures can cause hypopituitarism?

A

The pituitary stalk or the gland itself

41
Q

What disorder is caused due to a dominant mutation of the FGFR3 gene affecting the endochondral bone formation where cartilage is replaced by bone too quickly producing short stature due to failure of long bone growth?

A

Achondroplasia (dwarfism)

42
Q

What hormone is released in response to dehydration or low BP and stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water?

A

ADH (antidiuretic hormone) or VP (vasopressin)

43
Q

What hormone is the “labor and delivery/ lactation hormone” and stimulates smooth muscle contractions?

A

OXT (oxytocin)

44
Q

What detects high blood osmolarity?

A

Osmoreceptors

45
Q

What is a rare fluid balance disorder caused by ADH deficiency or absent ADH response in target tissues and organs. It is caused by injury and insults to the pituitary gland, neural tract, or the posterior pituitary gland.

A

Diabetes insipidus

46
Q

What is high serum Na+ and dehydration from the lack of ADH-dependent water reabsorption by the nephrons?

A

Hypernatremia

47
Q

What is caused by excessive ADH secretion that causes CNS injury, neoplasm, or paraneoplastic syndrome, pulmonary disorders and medication side effects?

A

Syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)

48
Q

A postpartum patient is monitored in the intensive care after experiencing excessive hemorrhaging during delivery . The patient mental state has been precipitously worsening as she reports dizziness and confusion before she declined into unconsciousness. Important assessment results include a BP of 70/40 and lab findings revealing abnormally low serum glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, and glucose levels. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

Acute adrenal crisis

49
Q

A 32 y/o woman reports insomnia, diarrhea and weight loss. He physical exam is notable for exophthalmos, a fine tremor and scaly thickened skin over her tibia. A radioactive iodine scan demonstrates diffuse uptake. Which of the following regulates are her labs likely to reveal?

A

Decreased T-SHIRT and increased T3 and T4

50
Q

A 31 y/o female arrives to the emergency room in a coma. Her spouse noted that she had c/o increased thirst and frequent urination for the last week as well as experienced significant weight loss. The patient has no significant health history and is not taking any medication. Your physical exam identifies rapid but deep labored breathing, a fruity scent was noted from her breath and trachycardia with an erratic pulse. Abnormal lab findings include blood glucose of 635 mg/dL, pH of 7.1 and a markedly reduced serum bicarbonate. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis and immediate acute treatment?

A

Type 1 diabetes mellitus; IV insulin therapy with continuous monitoring.

51
Q

After reviewing several lab assessment findings, you suggest a diagnosis of hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus.Which of the following findings according to the ADA would support this conclusion?

A

A glaciated hemoglobin (HbA1c) value of 8.4

52
Q

Which on of the following endocrine conditions is caused by a deficiency of hormone secretion that specifically involves the anterior pituitary?

A

Hypocortisolemia

53
Q

What is the active form of thyroid hormone?

A

T3

54
Q

What thyroid disorder presents with excessive secretion of thyroid hormone that causes a general elevation of body metabolism affecting many organs?

A

Hyperthyroidism

55
Q

This disease presents with increased T4, T3 uptake in the thyroid gland where the thyroid is grossly enlarged, firm, and red, shows histologically diffuse follicular activations and hyperplasia?

A

Hyperthyroidism/Graves’ disease

56
Q

This disease presents with mild symmetric enlargement of the thyroid (goiter), nervousness, heat intolerance, weight loss despite increased appetite, sweating, diarrhea, tremor, palpations and exophthalmos (abnormal eye protrusions).

A

Hyperthyroidism

57
Q

This disease presents with decrease of T-SHIRT levels, elevated serum levels of T4 and T3 and presence of thyroid stimulating immunoglobins?

A

Hyperthyroidism

58
Q

What is the displacement of the eye due to fluid accumulation?

A

Exophthalmos

59
Q

This is caused by reduced thyroid tissue or impaired thyroid hormone secretion, decreased levels of T4 and T3 due to injury or autoimmune attack or improper of dysfunctional response to T-SHIRT. It is 4 times more prevalent in women than men.

A

Hypothyroidism

60
Q

A patient presents with decreased GI tract motility, slowed neurological functioning, decreased body heat production, anemia, achlorhydria, bradycardia, decreased cardiac output, slowed pulse and poor peripheral circulation. What is likely their diagnosis?

A

Hypothyroidism

61
Q

What is the dermatological change causing mucopolysaccharide depositions in the dermis causing edema, swelling, and connective tissue separation?

A

Myxedema

62
Q

Lab tests shows elevated serum T-SHIRT with low to normal thyroid hormone levels. What is likely the diagnosis?

A

Hypothyroidism

63
Q

What is an enlargement of the thyroid gland with or without thyroid dysfunction?

A

Goiter

64
Q

What results with low iodine levels that cause the pituitary to compensate increasing THS secretion?

A

Goiter

65
Q

What presents with gaining weight easily, decreased fertility, delayed reflexes, sluggishness, feeling cold, constipation, lethargy, and fatigue?

A

Hypothyroidism

66
Q

What presents with anxiety, tremor, trachycardia, feeling warm, loss of weight, exophthalmos, atrial fibrillation, and decreased fertility?

A

Hyperthyroidism

67
Q

What is the excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

A

Hyperparathyroidism

68
Q

What hormone helps to increase Na+ and water reabsorption and excrete the excess K+?

A

Aldosterone

69
Q

What disease is caused by progressive weakness and fatigue, hypotension, weight loss, skin and mucosal hyperpigmentation, and abdominal problems?

A

Chronic adrenal cortical insufficiency, Addison’s disease.

70
Q

What is excessive urination called?

A

Polyuria

71
Q

What is excessive thirst called?

A

Polydipsia

72
Q

What is excessive hunger called?

A

Polyphagia

Patho (9 decks)

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