Cardiovascular And Pulmonary Disorders Pt. 3

Question 1

What is the process of production of alternating pressure gradients allowing air to enter and exit the lung?

Answer 1

Ventilation

Question 2

What is gas exchange, between the outside atmosphere and the blood?

Answer 2

Respiration

Question 3

What are serous membranes that lines the thoracic cavity and envelopes the lungs?

Answer 3

Pleural membrane

Question 4

How much serous fluid does the pleural cavity contain?

Answer 4

10-20 mL

Question 5

What is another name for the “mucus elevator”?

Answer 5

Mucociliary apparatus

Question 6

What consists of ciliated pseudo-columnar epithelial cells and goblet cells that secrete mucus ?

Answer 6

Mucociliary apparatus

Question 7

What occurs when material from the oropharynx enters the lower respiratory tract. ?

Answer 7

Pulmonary aspiration

Question 8

What is the release carbon dioxide and bind oxygen producing oxyhemoglobin within the pulmonary capillaries?

Answer 8

Carbaminohemoglobin

Question 9

What is excessively high levels of CO2 indicating acidosis and likely hypoxia?

Answer 9

Hypercapnia

Question 10

What is the ratio of the volume of alveolar air to volume of blood flow to the alveoli which normally approaches equality?

Answer 10

Ventilation-perfusion ratio (V-Q ratio)

Question 11

What are sometimes called rales, are noncontinuous sounds that occur when deflated alveoli open and close against fluid
Common sign of congestive heart failure or pneumonia?

Answer 11

Crackles

Question 12

What is the most common condition of pulmonary disorders?

Answer 12

Hypoxemia

Question 13

What is an increased rate and depth associated with diabetic ketoacidosis?

Answer 13

Kussmaul’s breathing

Question 14

What are two signs of pulmonary disease?

Answer 14

Cyanosis and clubbing of the nails

Question 15

What is an acute inflammatory injury of the lung parenchyma (the functional tissue rather than connective tissue)?

Answer 15

Pneumonia

Question 16

What is the most common form of pneumonia and involves the destruction of the alveolar membrane (respiratory epithelium)

Answer 16

Bacterial

Question 17

What type of pneumonia occurs due to impaired pharyngeal motor functions (CNS or neuromuscular injury) that depress the cough and swallowing reflexes or anatomical abnormalities?

Answer 17

Aspiration

Question 18

What type of pneumonia is characterized by mild symptoms and affects patients with compromised immune systems or immunodeficiencies (HIV/AIDS patients)?

Answer 18

Fungal

Question 19

What type of pneumonia is contracted from healthcare settings

Answer 19

Community acquired

Question 20

What pathology has the following clinical presentation:

Sudden and sharp pleuritic chest pain aggravated by chest movement
Auscultatory crackles and percussion dullness from exudate accumulation
A hacking productive cough with rust-colored or green purulent sputum
Dyspnea, tachypnea, and/or cyanosis
Systemic inflammatory response: headache, fatigue, fever, chills, generalized aches, and myalgias
Diagnosis: Sputum culture, analysis, and Gram stain with thoracic imaging (x-ray demonstrating opacity ), and physical examination

Answer 20

Pneumonia

Question 21

What is the acute inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles caused by either bacterial or viral infection, toxic gases, or chemicals?

Answer 21

Acute bronchitis

Question 22

What pathology has the following signs and symptoms:

Early symptoms of the common cold or upper respiratory tract infection
Nasal and pharyngeal inflammation
Prominent cough that progresses which can last from 10 to 20 days during the course
Wheezing

Answer 22

Acute bronchitis

Question 23

What pathology refers to an irreversible chronic airflow limitation?

Answer 23

COPD

Question 24

What is characterized by airway obstruction, air trapping, dysfunctional gas exchange, excessive mucus secretion, and pulmonary hypertension?

Answer 24

COPD

Question 25

What pathology are the following medications used to manage: Inhaled bronchodilators to counteract bronchoconstriction (short-acting and long-acting) Beta-2-adrenergic agonists (Albuterol) Sympathetic bronchodilators Anticholinergic medications Inhibitors of parasympathetic bronchoconstriction Oral bronchodilators Inhaled corticosteroids Reduces bronchial inflammation and progressive bronchial changes

Answer 25

COPD

Question 26

What is clinically defined as a persistent productive cough lasting for at least 3 months per year for 2 consecutive year?

Answer 26

Chronic bronchitis

Question 27

What pathology has the characteristic of “blue bloater” for their physical appearance?

Answer 27

Chronic bronchitis

Question 28

What is the pathological enlargement of air spaces beyond the terminal bronchiole ?

Answer 28

Emphysema

Question 29

What pathology is often described as the “pink puffer”?

Answer 29

Emphysema

Question 30

What pathology has Hyperinflation that leads to permanent overdistention of alveolar walls forming microscopic pockets of air (blebs) and large pockets of air (bullae)

Answer 30

Emphysema

Question 31

What pathology is characterized by: | Overweight and cyanosis, elevated hemoglobin, peripheral edema, rhonchi and wheezing?

Answer 31

Chronic bronchitis

Question 32

What pathology is characterized by: | Older and thin, severe dyspnea, quiet chest and xrays of hyperinflation with flattened diaphragm?

Answer 32

Emphysema

Question 33

What type of asthma is caused by an allergic type 1 hypersensitivity?

Answer 33

Extrinsic

Question 34

What type of asthma is non allergic that’s due to infection of other causes?

Answer 34

Intrinsic

Question 35

What are diverse injuries or diseases that reduce lung volume and thoracic movement?

Answer 35

Restrictive pulmonary diseases

Question 36

What is restrictive lung disease for a variety of disorders that lead to progressive scarring (fibrosis) of the lung tissue)?

Answer 36

Pulmonary fibrosis

Question 37

What pathology presents with a Thoracic x-ray reveals a pattern of diffuse markings called a “ground glass” appearance in the lower lung fields

Answer 37

Pulmonary fibrosis

Question 38

What is a result of multiple rib and/or sternum fracture causing: restrictive lung disease (decreased compliance), hemodynamic abnormalities, and pneumatic abnormalities?

Answer 38

Flail chest

Question 39

What is the collapse of normally expanded and aerated lung tissue regardless of anatomical area

Answer 39

Atelectasis

Question 40

What pathology develops due to no underlying lung pathophysiology or is associated with ruptured blebs or bullae from COPD and other diseases?

Answer 40

Spontaneous pneumothorax

Question 41

What pathology can occur due to injury or puncture of the visceral pleura or chest wall allowing air to enter and exit the pleura cavity?

Answer 41

Traumatic pneumothorax

Question 42

What pathology allows air to enter, but not to escape displacing the mediastinal structures and opposite lung Progressive compression of the opposite lung, heart, and vena cavae leading to respiratory and heart failure

Answer 42

Tension pneumothorax

Question 43

What is the most common genetic disease of the Caucasian population in the US?

Answer 43

Cystic fibrosis

Question 44

What is a group of lung inflammatory diseases caused by the inhalation of particles of occupational or industrial substances (e.g. silicosis – construction/rock dust, anthracnosis – coal mining dust, etc.

Answer 44

Pneumoconiosis

Question 45

What is a progressive condition of irreversible destruction and dilation of the airways Etiology: excessive inflammation due to infection or hypersensitivity reaction

Answer 45

Bronchiectasis

Question 46

What is sleep-disordered breathing): a collection of syndromes that intermittently disrupt ventilation or gas exchange causing sleep interruption Can be a distinct entity or a combination of 1) obstructive sleep apnea due to anatomical airway obstruction and/or 2) central sleep apnea due to altered chemoreception or CNS respiratory control

Answer 46

Sleep apnea

Question 47

What is due to a systemic (shock) or a pulmonary insult (infection or ischemia) that initiates a severe inflammatory and fibrotic response that specifically injuries the alveolar membrane; ARDS has a high mortality rate

Answer 47

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

Question 48

What is inflammation of the pleura membrane that may occur due to infection or injury

Answer 48

Pleurisy

Question 49

What is the collection of fluid (serous fluid, inflammatory exudate, or blood) in the pleural cavity; excessive pleural effusion can compress the lungs and mediastinum interfering with cardiopulmonary function

Answer 49

Pleural effusion