Cardiovascular And Pulmonary Disorders Pt. 3 Flashcards
What is the process of production of alternating pressure gradients allowing air to enter and exit the lung?
Ventilation
What is gas exchange, between the outside atmosphere and the blood?
Respiration
What are serous membranes that lines the thoracic cavity and envelopes the lungs?
Pleural membrane
How much serous fluid does the pleural cavity contain?
10-20 mL
What is another name for the “mucus elevator”?
Mucociliary apparatus
What consists of ciliated pseudo-columnar epithelial cells and goblet cells that secrete mucus ?
Mucociliary apparatus
What occurs when material from the oropharynx enters the lower respiratory tract. ?
Pulmonary aspiration
What is the release carbon dioxide and bind oxygen producing oxyhemoglobin within the pulmonary capillaries?
Carbaminohemoglobin
What is excessively high levels of CO2 indicating acidosis and likely hypoxia?
Hypercapnia
What is the ratio of the volume of alveolar air to volume of blood flow to the alveoli which normally approaches equality?
Ventilation-perfusion ratio (V-Q ratio)
What are sometimes called rales, are noncontinuous sounds that occur when deflated alveoli open and close against fluid
Common sign of congestive heart failure or pneumonia?
Crackles
What is the most common condition of pulmonary disorders?
Hypoxemia
What is an increased rate and depth associated with diabetic ketoacidosis?
Kussmaul’s breathing
What are two signs of pulmonary disease?
Cyanosis and clubbing of the nails
What is an acute inflammatory injury of the lung parenchyma (the functional tissue rather than connective tissue)?
Pneumonia
What is the most common form of pneumonia and involves the destruction of the alveolar membrane (respiratory epithelium)
Bacterial
What type of pneumonia occurs due to impaired pharyngeal motor functions (CNS or neuromuscular injury) that depress the cough and swallowing reflexes or anatomical abnormalities?
Aspiration
What type of pneumonia is characterized by mild symptoms and affects patients with compromised immune systems or immunodeficiencies (HIV/AIDS patients)?
Fungal
What type of pneumonia is contracted from healthcare settings
Community acquired
What pathology has the following clinical presentation:
Sudden and sharp pleuritic chest pain aggravated by chest movement
Auscultatory crackles and percussion dullness from exudate accumulation
A hacking productive cough with rust-colored or green purulent sputum
Dyspnea, tachypnea, and/or cyanosis
Systemic inflammatory response: headache, fatigue, fever, chills, generalized aches, and myalgias
Diagnosis: Sputum culture, analysis, and Gram stain with thoracic imaging (x-ray demonstrating opacity ), and physical examination
Pneumonia
What is the acute inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles caused by either bacterial or viral infection, toxic gases, or chemicals?
Acute bronchitis
What pathology has the following signs and symptoms:
Early symptoms of the common cold or upper respiratory tract infection
Nasal and pharyngeal inflammation
Prominent cough that progresses which can last from 10 to 20 days during the course
Wheezing
Acute bronchitis
What pathology refers to an irreversible chronic airflow limitation?
COPD
What is characterized by airway obstruction, air trapping, dysfunctional gas exchange, excessive mucus secretion, and pulmonary hypertension?
COPD
What pathology are the following medications used to manage:
Inhaled bronchodilators to counteract bronchoconstriction (short-acting and long-acting)
Beta-2-adrenergic agonists (Albuterol)
Sympathetic bronchodilators
Anticholinergic medications
Inhibitors of parasympathetic bronchoconstriction
Oral bronchodilators
Inhaled corticosteroids
Reduces bronchial inflammation and progressive bronchial changes
COPD
What is clinically defined as a persistent productive cough lasting for at least 3 months per year for 2 consecutive year?
Chronic bronchitis
What pathology has the characteristic of “blue bloater” for their physical appearance?
Chronic bronchitis
What is the pathological enlargement of air spaces beyond the terminal bronchiole ?
Emphysema
What pathology is often described as the “pink puffer”?
Emphysema
What pathology has Hyperinflation that leads to permanent overdistention of alveolar walls forming microscopic pockets of air (blebs) and large pockets of air (bullae)
Emphysema
What pathology is characterized by:
Overweight and cyanosis, elevated hemoglobin, peripheral edema, rhonchi and wheezing?
Chronic bronchitis
What pathology is characterized by:
Older and thin, severe dyspnea, quiet chest and xrays of hyperinflation with flattened diaphragm?
Emphysema
What type of asthma is caused by an allergic type 1 hypersensitivity?
Extrinsic
What type of asthma is non allergic that’s due to infection of other causes?
Intrinsic
What are diverse injuries or diseases that reduce lung volume and thoracic movement?
Restrictive pulmonary diseases
What is restrictive lung disease for a variety of disorders that lead to progressive scarring (fibrosis) of the lung tissue)?
Pulmonary fibrosis
What pathology presents with a Thoracic x-ray reveals a pattern of diffuse markings called a “ground glass” appearance in the lower lung fields
Pulmonary fibrosis
What is a result of multiple rib and/or sternum fracture causing: restrictive lung disease (decreased compliance), hemodynamic abnormalities, and pneumatic abnormalities?
Flail chest
What is the collapse of normally expanded and aerated lung tissue regardless of anatomical area
Atelectasis
What pathology develops due to no underlying lung pathophysiology or is associated with ruptured blebs or bullae from COPD and other diseases?
Spontaneous pneumothorax
What pathology can occur due to injury or puncture of the visceral pleura or chest wall allowing air to enter and exit the pleura cavity?
Traumatic pneumothorax
What pathology allows air to enter, but not to escape displacing the mediastinal structures and opposite lung
Progressive compression of the opposite lung, heart, and vena cavae leading to respiratory and heart failure
Tension pneumothorax
What is the most common genetic disease of the Caucasian population in the US?
Cystic fibrosis
What is a group of lung inflammatory diseases caused by the inhalation of particles of occupational or industrial substances (e.g. silicosis – construction/rock dust, anthracnosis – coal mining dust, etc.
Pneumoconiosis
What is a progressive condition of irreversible destruction and dilation of the airways
Etiology: excessive inflammation due to infection or hypersensitivity reaction
Bronchiectasis
What is sleep-disordered breathing): a collection of syndromes that intermittently disrupt ventilation or gas exchange causing sleep interruption
Can be a distinct entity or a combination of 1) obstructive sleep apnea due to anatomical airway obstruction and/or 2) central sleep apnea due to altered chemoreception or CNS respiratory control
Sleep apnea
What is due to a systemic (shock) or a pulmonary insult (infection or ischemia) that initiates a severe inflammatory and fibrotic response that specifically injuries the alveolar membrane; ARDS has a high mortality rate
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
What is inflammation of the pleura membrane that may occur due to infection or injury
Pleurisy
What is the collection of fluid (serous fluid, inflammatory exudate, or blood) in the pleural cavity; excessive pleural effusion can compress the lungs and mediastinum interfering with cardiopulmonary function
Pleural effusion
