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HA Exam 3 - Wk 9-12 > Musculoskeletal - Bates > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal - Bates Flashcards

1
Q

Articular means…

A

of or relating to the joint

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2
Q

This structure includes the capsule, cartilage, synovium, fluid, ligaments, and the bone

A

Articular structure

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3
Q

These rope-like bundles of collagen connect bone to bone

A

Ligaments

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4
Q

These collagen fibers connect muscle to bone

A

Tendons

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5
Q

These are pouches of synovial fluid that cushion movement of structures over bone or joints

A

Bursae

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6
Q

What are the three types of joint articulation and their extent of movement?

A

1) synovial (freely moveable)
2) cartilaginous (slightly moveable)
3) fibrous (immovable)

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7
Q

What are some examples of synovial joints?

A

Shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee

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8
Q

What are some examples of cartilaginous joints?

A

The vertebral bodies of the spine, pubis symphysis, and the sternocostal joints

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9
Q

What is an example of a fibrous joint?

A

The sutures of the skull

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10
Q

What are the classes of synovial joints?

A

1) spheroid (ball and socket)
2) hinge
3) condylar

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11
Q

Synovial means?

A

Moveable

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12
Q

What are some examples of spheroidal joints?

A

Shoulder and hip

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13
Q

What are some examples of hinge joints?

A

Elbow, phalanges of hand and foot

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14
Q

What are some examples of condylar joints?

A

Knee, radiocarpal (wrist), metacarpophylangeal (knuckles)

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15
Q

What is the ROM in a spheroidal joint?

A

Multiaxial: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation

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16
Q

What is the ROM in a hinge joint?

A

Uniaxial: flexion and extension only

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17
Q

What is the ROM in a condylar joint?

A

Biaxial: flexion, extension, rotation

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18
Q

This is radicular gluteal and posterior leg pain in the S1 dermatome that increases with cough or valsalva

A

Sciatica

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19
Q

What is the general term for pain that arises from spinal nerve compression?

A

Radicular pain

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20
Q

The term for pain in one joint

A

Monoarticular pain

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21
Q

The term for pain that involves several joints

A

Polyarticular pain

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22
Q

What is the term for bones, muscles and tissues around the joint?

A

Extra-articular

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23
Q

What is the term for generalized aches and pains in muscles?

A

Myalgia

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24
Q

What is the term for joint pain?

A

Arthralgia

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25
Q

What is the term for inflammation of bursae?

A

Bursitis

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26
Q

What is the term for inflammation of tendons?

A

Tendonitis

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27
Q

What is the term for inflammation of tendon sheaths?

A

Tenosynovitis

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28
Q

What is the term for inflammation in a joint?

A

Arthritis

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29
Q

What is the term for stiffness and limited motion after inactivity?

A

Gelling

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30
Q

This involves swelling and tenderness of the entire joint and limits both active and passive ROM

A

Articular joint pain or articular disease

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31
Q

This involves tenderness outside the joint and may involve loss of active but not passive motion

A

Nonarticular pain or extra-articular disease

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32
Q

What are some systemic features of joint problems

A

Fever, chills, rash, anorexia, weight loss and weakness

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33
Q

What are the three targets for Healthy People 2020 that involve the musculoskeletal system?

A

1) arthritis
2) chronic back pain
3) osteoporosis

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34
Q

What is a key outcome predictor of low back pain?

A

Depression

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35
Q

What is the term for a systemic skeletal condition characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue?

A

Osteoporosis

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36
Q

Bone strength depends on three things, what are they?

A

1) bone quality
2) bone density
3) bone size

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37
Q

What is the optimal standard for measuring bone density?

A

Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan

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38
Q

Bone density at what location is considered the best predictor of hip fracture?

A

Femoral neck

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39
Q

Peak bone mass is reached by what age?

A

30

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40
Q

What is the most abundant mineral in the body?

A

Calcium

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41
Q

In what functions are calcium levels important?

A

1) Bone health
2) Muscle function
3) Nerve transmission
4) Vascular function
5) Intracellular signaling
6) Hormonal secretion

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42
Q

What percent of calcium if free and stored?

A

1% free and 99% stored

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43
Q

What is the normal serum calcium level?

A

8.5-10.3 mg/dL

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44
Q

What is required to absorb dietary calcium?

A

Vitamin D

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45
Q

Vitamin D is a what?

A

Hormone

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46
Q

Decreased levels of free calcium stimulate the secretion of what hormone?

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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47
Q

Increased PTH release has what effects

A

1) Kidneys reabsorb calcium
2) Kidneys excrete phosphate
3) More Vit D is converted to help absorb calcium
4) Osteoclastic activity is increased (dissolve)
5) Ionized calcium is released

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48
Q

Which type of calcium should people with reduced levels of stomach acid take?

A

Calcium citrate

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49
Q

What are the two oral forms of calcium?

A

Calcium carbonate and calcium citrate

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50
Q

What is the process by which osteoclasts break down bone and release the minerals, resulting in a transfer of calcium from bone fluid to the blood?

A

Bone resorption

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51
Q

What class of drugs inhibit osteoclast activity?

A

Antiresorptive agents

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52
Q

What is the term for bowed legs?

A

Genu varium

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53
Q

What is the term for knock-knees?

A

Genu valgum

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54
Q

What is the term for audible or palpable crunching during palpation?

A

Crepitus

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55
Q

What is the term for bony fixation in or around a joint?

A

ankylosis

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56
Q

What are the signs of inflammation and arthritis?

A

1) swelling
2) warmth
3) tenderness
4) redness (least common of the 4)

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57
Q

What is the name of the most active joint in the body?

A

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

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58
Q

TMJ is what type of joint?

A

A condylar synovial joint

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59
Q

What muscles open the mouth?

A

The external pterygoids

60
Q

What muscles close the mouth?

A

The masseter, the temporalis and the internal pterygoids

61
Q

What CN is involved in closing the mouth?

A

CN V, the trigeminal nerve

62
Q

What are the four dynamic (moveable) stabilizers of the shoulder? Clue: SITS

A

1) supraspinatus
2) infraspinatus
3) teres minor
4) subscapularis

63
Q

What are the four static (non-moveable) stabilizers of the shoulder?

A

1) the bony structures of the shoulder girdle
2) the labrium
3) the articular capsule
the glenohumeral ligaments

64
Q

What three joints articulate at the shoulder?

A

1) glenohumeral joint
2) sternoclavicular joint
3) acromioclavicular joint

65
Q

What three groups of muscles attach at the shoulder?

A

1) scapulohumeral groups (SITS) (rotate shoulder laterally)
2) axioscapular (rotate scapula)
3) axiohumeral (rotate shoulder internally)

66
Q

The most common cause of shoulder pain involves what group of muscles?

A

Rotator cuff

67
Q

What are the three best predictors of a rotator cuff tear?

A

1) supraspinatus weakness on abduction
2) infraspinatus weakness on external rotation
3) a positive impingement sign

68
Q

What is the name of the test?

Adduct the patient’s arm across the chest

A

Crossover test

69
Q

What is the name of the test?

Touch the opposite scapula from above and below

A

Apley scratch test

70
Q

What is the name of the test?

Press on the scapula while raising the arm

A

Neer’s impingement sign
for impingement of posterior rotator cuff
+ if pain

71
Q

What is the name of the test?

Flex shoulder to 90 degrees, while arm internally rotated, provider flexes to 180 degrees

A

Hawkin’s impingement sign
for impingement of rotator cuff
+ if pain

72
Q

What is the name of the test?
Arms elevated at 90 degrees
Internally rotate with thumbs down

A

Empty can test

73
Q

What is the name of the test?
Abduct arm to shoulder level
Lower slowly

A

Drop arm test
for rotator cuff tear
+ if arm drops independently or with light pressure

74
Q

What three joints articulate at the elbow?

A

1) humeroulnar joint
2) radiohumeral joint
3) radioulnar joint

75
Q

What is responsible for the movement?

Elbow flexion

A

Biceps and brachioradialis

76
Q

What is responsible for the movement?

Elbow extension

A

Brachialis and triceps

77
Q

What is responsible for the movement?

Forearm pronation

A

Pronator teres

78
Q

What is responsible for the movement?

Forearm supination

A

Supinator

79
Q

Lateral epicondylitis is also called what?

A

Tennis elbow

80
Q

Medial epicondylitis is also called what?

A

Pitcher’s or golfer’s elbow

81
Q

How many carpal bones are in the wrist?

A

8

82
Q

What are the joints of the hand?

A

1) DIPs - distal interphalangeal joints
2) PIPs - proximal interphalangeal joints
3) MCPs - metacarpophylangeal joints (knuckles)

83
Q

What is responsible for the movement?

Abduction of the fingers

A

Dorsal interossi

84
Q

What is responsible for the movement?

Adduction of the fingers

A

Palmar interossi

85
Q

What lies in the carpal tunnel?

A

1) Flexor retinaculum
2) Medial nerve
3) Tendon sheath

86
Q

Osteoarthritis causes nodes at the DIPs and PIPs that are called?

A

Herberden’s nodes and Bouchard’s nodes respectively

87
Q

What is responsible for the movement?

Wrist extension

A

Extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis

88
Q

What is responsible for the movement?

Wrist flexion

A

Flexor carpi radialis and ulnaris

89
Q

What is responsible for the movement?

Radial deviation

A

Flexor carpi ulnaris

90
Q

What is responsible for the movement?

Ulnar deviation

A

Flexor carpi radialis

91
Q

Where can you test for sensation of the median nerve?

A

Pulp of the index finger

92
Q

Where can you test for sensation of the ulnar nerve?

A

Pulp of the fifth finger

93
Q

Where can you test for sensation of the radial nerve?

A

Web space of the thumb and index finger

94
Q

What is the name of the test?

Tapping on the median nerve in the carpal tunnel

A

Tinel’s sign

for CTS, + if numbness and tingling along medial nerve

95
Q

What is the name of the test?

Press the backs of the hands together to form right angles for 60 seconds

A

Phalen’s sign

for CTS, + if numbness and tingling along median nerve

96
Q

What is the name of the soft mucoid central core of the vertebral disc?

A

Nucleus pulposus

97
Q

What is the name of the tough fibrous tissue rim of the vertebral disc?

A

Annulus fibrosis

98
Q

What is the term for slippage?

A

Subluxation

99
Q

What is the term for lateral and rotatory curvature of the spine?

A

Scoliosis

100
Q

What is responsible for the movement?

Neck flexion

A

Sternocleidomastoid, scalene

101
Q

What is responsible for the movement?

Neck extension

A

Splenius capitis and cervicis

102
Q

What is responsible for the movement?

Back flexion

A

Psoas minor and major, quadratus lumborum, abdominal muscles

103
Q

What is responsible for the movement?

Back extension

A

Erector spinae and transversospinalis groups

104
Q

What are the bones of the pelvis?

A

1) acetabulum
2) ilium
3) ischium

105
Q

What are the four muscle groups that move the hip?

A

1) flexor group
2) extensor group
3) adductor group
4) abductor group

106
Q

What is the major muscle of the flexor group?

A

Iliopsoas

107
Q

What is the major muscle of the extensor group?

A

Gluteus maximus

108
Q

What are the three principal bursa of the hip?

A

1) Psoas bursa (anterior to hip)
2) Trochanteric bursa (posterior to the hip)
3) Ischial bursa (under the tuberosity)

109
Q

What is it called when the foot is on the ground and bearing weight?

A

Stance (60% of cycle)

110
Q

What is it called when the foot moves forward and does not bear weight?

A

Swing (40% of cycle)

111
Q

What is a normal width of the base in a gait?

A

2”- 4”

112
Q

What is the mnemonic for the lateral to medial sequence of the structures along the inguinal ligament?

A

NAVEL

Nerve, Artery, Vein, Empty space, Lymph node

113
Q

What is responsible for the movement?

Hip abduction

A

Gluteus medius and minimus

114
Q

What is responsible for the movement?

Hip adduction

A

Adductor brevis, longus and magnus

115
Q

What is responsible for the movement?

Hip external rotation

A

Internal and external obturators

116
Q

What is responsible for the movement?

Hip internal rotation

A

Iliopsoas

117
Q

What is the largest joint in the body?

A

The knee joint

118
Q

What are the two menisci of the knee?

A

Medial and lateral

119
Q

What are the two pairs of ligaments in the knee?

A

Medial and lateral collateral (MCL & LCL)

Anterior and posterior cruciate (ACL & PCL)

120
Q

What provides medial and lateral stability to the knee?

A

The MCL and the LCL

121
Q

What prevents the tibia from sliding forward on the femur?

A

ACL

122
Q

What prevents the tibia from slipping backward on the femur

A

PCL

123
Q

What provides anteroposterior stability to the knee?

A

The ACL and the PCL

124
Q

What are the bursa that are near the knee?

A

1) prepatellar
2) anserine (below knee medially)
3) semimembranosus (posterior medial)

125
Q

What is the name of the test?

Compress patella against the femur and move side to side

A

Patellofemoral grinding test

126
Q

What is the name of the test?

Knee extended, pressure to suprapatellar pouch, milk down, tap for fluid wave

A

Bulge sign

+ is mild effusion

127
Q

What is the name of the test?

Thumb and index finger on sides of patella, push pouch to side to feel for moving fluid

A

Balloon sign

+ is medium effusion

128
Q

What is the name of the test?

Push the patella sharply against the femur, watch for fluid return

A

Ballotting the patella

+ is maximum effusion

129
Q

What is responsible for the movement?

Knee flexion

A

Hamstring group, biceps femoris

130
Q

What is responsible for the movement?

Knee extension

A

Quadriceps, rectus femoris, vastus femoris and lateralis

131
Q

What is responsible for the movement?

Knee internal rotation

A

Sartorius, gracilis

132
Q

What is responsible for the movement?

Knee external rotation

A

Biceps femoris

133
Q

What is the name of the test?
Patient supine, grasp heel, flex knee, cup other hand over knee, valgus stress to medial joint, varus stress to lateral joint

A

McMurray Test for medial meniscus

+ if clicking

134
Q

What is the name of the test?

Patient supine, knee slightly flexed, move thigh 30 degrees laterally, valgus stress to lateral joint

A

Valgus stress test for MCL
Tests for collateral ligament injury
+ if instability/movement

135
Q

What is the name of the test?

Patient supine, knee slightly flexed, move thigh 30 degrees laterally, varus stress to lateral joint

A

Varus stress test for LCL
Test for collateral ligament injury
+ if instability/movement

136
Q

What is the name of the test?

Patient supine, hips flexed, knees bent to 90 degrees, feet flat on table, grasp knee, slide out like a drawer

A

Anterior drawer test for ACL

+ if instability/movement

137
Q

What is the name of the test?

Knee at 15 degree flex, external rotation, pull tibia forward and tibia back

A

Lachman test for ACL

+ if translation

138
Q

What is the name of the test?

Patient supine, hips flexed, knees bent to 90 degrees, feet flat on table, grasp knee, push tibia back

A

Posterior drawer test for PCL

+ if instability/movement

139
Q

What are the bones of the foot?

A

1) Tibia
2) Fibula
3) Talus
4) Calcaneus

140
Q

What are the principal joints of the ankle?

A

1) tibiotalar joint

2) subtalar joint

141
Q

What is responsible for the movement?

Foot plantar flexion

A

Gastrocnemius, posterior tibial muscle, toe flexors

142
Q

What is responsible for the movement?

Foot dorsiflexion

A

Anterior tibial muscle, toe extensors

143
Q

What ligament protects the foot against stress from eversion?

A

Deltoid ligament

144
Q

Which ligaments protect the foot against stress from inversion?

A

1) anterior talofibular
2) calcaneofibular
3) posterior talofibular

145
Q

What is the name of the test?

Inability to bear weight after four steps and tenderness over the posterior aspects of either malleolus

A

Ottawa ankle rule

HA Exam 3 - Wk 9-12 (10 decks)

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