GI/Abdomen - Bates Flashcards
Epigastric = \_\_\_ Umbilical = \_\_\_ Suprapubic/Hypogastric = \_\_\_
upper abdomen
middle abdomen
lower abdomen
The ___ lies lateral to and behind the stomach.
spleen
The bladder accommodates about ___ ml. Rising pressure in the bladder triggers what?
300
The urge to void
Increased ___ pressure can overcome rising pressures in the bladder and prevent ___ from occurring.
intraurethral, incontinence
Voluntary control of the bladder depends on higher centers in the ___ and on ___ and ___ pathways btwn the brain and the reflex arcs of the sacral spinal cord.
brain, motor, sensory
The kidneys are ___ organs. The ___ ___, formed by the lower border of the 12th rib and the transverse processes of the upper lumbar vertebrae, defines where to examine for kidney tenderness.
posterior, costovertebral angle
Abdominal pain, heartburn, n/v, difficulty or pain w/swallowing, vomiting of stomach contents or blood, loss of appetite, and jaundice are all r/t ___ GI symptoms.
upper
Diarrhea, constipation, change in bowel habits, and blood in the stool are all r/t ___ GI symptoms.
lower
___ pain occurs when hollow abdominal organs such as the intestine or biliary tree contract unusually forcefully or are distended or stretched.
Visceral
___ pain is difficult to localize. It is typically palpable near the midline at levels that vary according to the structure involved.
Visceral
___ pain varies in quality and may be gnawing, burning, cramping, or aching.
Visceral
Ischemia stimulates ___ pain fibers.
visceral
___ pain originates from inflammation in the parietal peritoneum.
Parietal
___ pain is a steady, aching pain that is usually more severe than visceral pain and more precisely localized over the involved structure.
Parietal
___ pain is typically aggravated by movement or coughing.
Parietal
Pt’s w/___ pain prefer to lie still.
parietal
___ pain is felt in more distant sites, which are innervated at approximately the same spinal levels as the disordered structures.
Referred
___ pain often develops as the initial pain becomes more intense and seems to radiate or travel from the initial site.
Referred
___ pain may be felt superficially or deeply but is usually localized.
Referred
Visceral periumbilical pain may signify early ___ ___.
acute appendicitis
Doubling over w/cramping colicky pain indicates ___ ___.
renal stone
Sudden knifelike epigastric pain occurs in ___ ___.
gallstone pancreatitis
Pay special attn to any assoc of ___ w/meals, alcohol, meds, stress, body position, and use of antacids.
pain
Chronic or recurrent discomfort or pain centered in the upper abdomen is ___.
dyspepsia
Dys = \_\_\_ pepsia = \_\_\_
bad
digestion
A negative feeling that is nonpainful is ___.
discomfort
What 3 GI symptoms can occur alone and can also be seen in other disorders?
bloating, nausea, belching
Bloating may occur w/___ ___ disease.
inflam bowel
___/___ dyspepsia is a 3-month hx of nonspecific upper abd discomfort or nausea not attributable to structural abnormalities or peptic ulcer disease.
Functional/nonulcer
Pt’s w/chronic upper abd discomfort c/o what 3 things?
heartburn, acid reflux, regurgitation
If pt’s report heartburn, acid reflux, or regurgitation more than once a week, they are likely to have ___.
GERD
Risk factors for ___ include reduce salivary flow (prolongs acid clearance), delayed gastric emptying, certain meds, and hiatal hernia.
GERD
___ is a rising retrosternal burning pain occurring wkly or more often.
Heartburn
___ is aggravated by food such as alcohol, chocolate, citrus fruits, coffee, onions, and pepperment, or positions like bending over, exercising, lifting, or lying supine.
Heartburn
Some pt’s w/GERD may also present w/___ or ___ symptoms. These symptoms include:
respiratory, pharyngeal
coughing, wheezing, aspiration pneumonia, hoarseness, sore throat, laryngitis
___ is difficulty swallowing.
dysphagia
___ is pain w/swallowing.
odynophagia
Some pt’s may have “___ ___”, such as difficulty swallowing, pain w/swallowing, recurrent vomiting, evidence of GI blding, wt loss, anemia, risk factors for gastric CA, palpable mass, or jaundice.
“alarm symptoms”
Pt’s w/uncomplicated GERD who do not respond to empiric therapy, pt’s older than 55, and those w/”alarm symptoms” warrant ___ to detect esophagitis, peptic strictures, or Barrett’s esophagus.
endoscopy
RLQ pain or pain that migrates from the periumbilical region is most likely ___.
appendicitis
In women experiencing acute lower abd pain, consider ___, ___ ___ ___, and ___ ___.
PID, ruptured ovarian follicle, ectopic pregnancy
LLQ pain w/a palpable mass may be ___.
diverticulitis
Diffuse abd pain w/absent BS and firmness, guarding, or rebound on palpation is seen in ___ or ___ ___ ___.
small or large bowel obstruction
Change in bowel habits w/mass lesions indicates ___ ___.
colon CA
Intermittent pain for 12 wks of the preceding 12 months w/relief from defecation, change in frequency of BM’s, or change in form of stool (formed/hard, soft/loose), w/out structural or biochemical abnormalities are symptoms of ___.
IBS
___ is often described as “feeling sick to my stomach.”
nausea
___ is involuntary spasm of the stomach, diaphragm, and esophagus that precedes and culminates ___, which is the forceful expulsion of gastric contents out of the mouth.
Retching, vomiting
Induced vomiting w/out nausea is indicative of ___.
bulimia
Fecal odor occurs w/___.
SBO
___ is coffee-grounds emesis or red blood
hematemesis
Symptoms of blood loss such as lightheadedness or syncope are rare until blood loss exceeds ___ ml.
500
___ is loss or lack of appetite.
Anorexia
Pt’s w/___ may c/o unpleasant abd fullness after eating, and early satiety (inability to eat a full meal).
anorexia
Foods that stick, hesitate, or “don’t go down right” suggest ___ disorders.
motility
Indications of ___ ___ include drooling, nasopharyngeal regurgitation, and cough from aspiration. These may occur in pt’s w/___ or ___.
oropharyngeal dysphagia
stroke, parkinson’s
