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OB extra nuggets > musculoskeletal anatomy > Flashcards

musculoskeletal anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

similarities of pelvic/pectoral girdle

A

large flat areas of muscle
tendon and muscle attachment
movement of limbs
form joints with axial skeleton/limb bones

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2
Q

differences of pelvic/pectoral girdle

A

pelvis more weight bearing, weight transmission and protection
clavicle as strut
pelvic girdle fused bones in a ring
glenoid fossa more shallow than acetabulum

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3
Q

similarities of humerus/femur

A

long bones with long shaft, locomotion of limb
smooth, round head for articulation
condyles/epicondyles

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4
Q

differences of humerus/femur

A

femur more weight transmission
femur more pronounced neck and rounder head
humerus acts as lever
femur slopes in medial direction

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5
Q

similarities of radius/ulna and tib/fib

A

two long bones lying parallel

both articulate distal at the wrist/ankle joint

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6
Q

differences of radius/ulna and tib/fib

A

no movement between tib/fib, others can pronate and supinate
only tibia interacts at knee joint
tibia transmits almost all weight in lower leg, much bigger than fib

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7
Q

similarities of bones in hand/foot

A

collection of short bones
allow more complex movements
equivalent meta bones and phalanges in digits/toes
irregular thumb and first toe

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8
Q

differences in bones of hand/foot

A

more carpal bones
hand bones for more complex movement, foot for weight transmission
foot forms an arch

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9
Q

compare joints of pectoral vs pelvic girdle

A

sim:
- join limb to axial skeleton with synovial joints
diff
- pelvic girdle much more immobile, for strength and stability
- shoulder girdle allows for movement of the arm and scapula
- pubic symphysis = fibrocartilagenous

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10
Q

sim of shoulder/hip

A

both synovial ball and socket
generally large range of motion
strengthened with labrum, capsule, ligaments
3x extra capsular ligaments

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11
Q

diff of shoulder/hip

A

glenoid labrum is deeper for more stability
hip has more articulating surface, more stable
hip has thicker stronger joint capsule, shoulder capsule loose inferiorly
stronger, tighter ligaments across hip

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12
Q

compare elbow vs knee

A 
sim:
synovial hinge allows flex/extend
collateral ligaments
diff:
- knee has tibia and patella, elbow has radius and ulna 
- knee has cruciate ligaments 
- knee has menisci 
- elbow capsule also has proximal radio-ulnar joint
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13
Q

structural specialisations of hand

A

radio-carpal are ellipsoid
metacarpo-phalangeal are ellipsoid, for abd/add
saddle joint in thumb
specialised fro dexterity and grip

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14
Q

structural specialisations of foot

A

forms an arch
transmission of weight through bones
specialised for stability and supply

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15
Q

shapes of skeletal muscle

A 
circular
pennate
parallel
fusiform
convergent
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16
Q

circular muscle features

A

orbicularis oris

sphincter muscles around an opening

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17
Q

pennate muscle features

A

multipennate (deltoid), bipennate (rectus femoris), unipennate (extensor digitorum longus)
fibres arranged at an angle to the direction of muscle action
high muscle fibre density
rotate as they shorten, power muscles

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18
Q

parallel muscle features

A

sartorius
fibres parallel to line of action
large but relatively weak movements

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19
Q

fusiform muscle features

A

biceps brachii

large muscle belly with narrow insertions, spindle shaped

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20
Q

convergent muscle features

A

pectoralis major
large fan shaped with narrow insertions and wide origins
wide variation in muscle angle direction s
very powerful muscles in upper limb

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21
Q

muscle attachment

A

muscles attach to bone (enthesis) via a tendon
calcified fibrocartilage on the bone
bursa present with fibrocartilage on the burial side of the tendon and bone

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22
Q

flexion

A

sagittal plane

decrease in anterior angle between joint

23
Q

extension

A

increase in anterior angle

sagittal plane

24
Q

abduction

A

coronal plane

away from midline

25
Q

adduction

A

coronal plane

towards midline

26
Q

medial extension

A

turn limb inwardly, towards midline

27
Q

lateral extension

A

turn limb outwardly, away from midline

28
Q

action of agonists

A

provide primary driving force

29
Q

action of antagonists

A

opposes agonist, provide resistance or reverse movement

30
Q

action of synergist

A

assist the agonist muscle

31
Q

shoulder movements

A

flex = anterior, deltoid and pectoralis major

extend = posterior, latissimus dorsi, deltoid

abd = above, supraspinatus (first 10-15), deltoid

add = pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi

medial rotation = pectoralis major, subscapularis

lateral rotation = infraspinatus, teres minor

32
Q

rotator cuff muscles

A
  • supraspinatus = suprascapular nerve, abduction, greater tuberosity insertion
  • infraspinatus = suprascapular nerve, greater tuberosity
  • subscapularis = subscapular nerve, lesser tuberosity
  • teres minor = axillary nerve, greater tuberosity
33
Q

movement of elbow

A

flex = anterior comportment of arm, biceps and brachialis
- biceps has short head from coronoid, long head from supraglenoid tubercle, also supinate forearm

extension = posterior, triceps

34
Q

movement of forearm

A

pronation = pronator teres and quadrates

supination = supinator, biceps

flexion = flexor carpi radialis and ulnaris (flexor group)

extension = extensors carpi radials longus and brevis, extensor carpi ulnaris (Extensor group)

35
Q

movement of hip

A

flex = quadriceps, psoas major, iliacus and pectineus

extend = gluteus maximus, biceps femoris, semimembranosus and semitendinosus

abd = lateral aspect of hip, gluteal and abductor group, gluteus minimus and medius, tensor fasciae latae

add = medial aspect, adductor group, adductor magnus/brevis/longus and gracilis

rotation is a much less powerful movement than shoulder
medial = adductor longus, tensor fascia latae
lateral = gluteus maximus

36
Q

movement of knee

A

flex = semimembranosus and semitendinosus, biceps femoris

extend = quads, rectus femurs, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis

37
Q

movement of lower leg

A

dorsiflexion = anterior, tibiáis anterior, extensor digitorum longus

plantar flexion = superficial calf, gastrocnemius and soleus, deep calf - flexor digitorum longus, tibias posterior

eversion = peroneus longus and brevis

inversion = tibialis anterior and extensor hallicus longus

38
Q

sim between muscles of hip/shoulder

A

flexor and extensor muscles
origins from all aspects around joint
wide range of motion

39
Q

diff between muscles of hip/shoulder

A

shoulder has rotator cuff, trunk muscles and arm muscles
hip has just leg muscles, with more compartments
hip has more muscles and more muscle groups
shoulder has extra muscles fro the movement of the scapula

40
Q

compare muscles of elbow/knee

A

sim: originate mostly from main joint above (shoulder/hip)

diff:

  • flex in arm is anterior, in knee is posterior, flex and extend occur in different directions
  • arm has fewer muscles in each group, less powerful movements
  • knee muscles also act on hip
  • biceps can also supinate forearm
41
Q

movement of the hand

A

abd and add at risk and metacarpi/phalangeal joint
flex/ extend carpals
opposition of thumb

42
Q

movement of foot

A

inversion and eversion of mid-tarsal joints

flex and extend of toes

43
Q

function of retinacula

A

band of thickened deep fascia around tendons, holds in place and stabilises

44
Q

lymphatic drainage follows

A

venous drainage

45
Q

types of lymph vessels

A

superficial and deep nodes

46
Q

do lymph vessels have valves

A

yes

47
Q

where do superficial lymphatic vessels in upper limb arise fro

A

lymphatic plexuses int he skin of hand

travel close to basilica/ cephalic veins

48
Q

deep lymphatic vessels in upper limb

A

follows major deep veins

termination in the humeral axillary lymph nodes

49
Q

upper extremity lymph nodes located

A

axilla

pectoral, subscapular, humeral, central, apical

50
Q

lymph from apical axillary nodes

A

converge to form the subclavian lymphatic trunk

right subclavian trunk -> right lymphatic duct -> right venous angle

left subclavian trunk -> thoracic duct

51
Q

major groups of lymph vessels in lower limb

A

superficial:
medial = follows great saphenous vein (drain into inguinal)
lateral = associated with small saphenous vein (drain into popliteal)

deep:
called and follow these arteries - anterior tibial, poster tibial, peroneal (drain into popliteal)

52
Q

main nodes in leg

A

inguinal: upper aspect of femoral triangle, superficial/deep
popliteal: embedded in popliteal fossa

53
Q

main pathway of breast lymph drainage

A

axillary

other is internal mammary

54
Q

sciatica

A

pain from sciatic nerve, buttocks down leg

often occurs with herniated disk, spinal stenosis

OB extra nuggets (9 decks)

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