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musculoskeletal anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

similarities of pelvic/pectoral girdle

A

large flat areas of muscle
tendon and muscle attachment
movement of limbs
form joints with axial skeleton/limb bones

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2
Q

differences of pelvic/pectoral girdle

A

pelvis more weight bearing, weight transmission and protection
clavicle as strut
pelvic girdle fused bones in a ring
glenoid fossa more shallow than acetabulum

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3
Q

similarities of humerus/femur

A

long bones with long shaft, locomotion of limb
smooth, round head for articulation
condyles/epicondyles

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4
Q

differences of humerus/femur

A

femur more weight transmission
femur more pronounced neck and rounder head
humerus acts as lever
femur slopes in medial direction

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5
Q

similarities of radius/ulna and tib/fib

A

two long bones lying parallel

both articulate distal at the wrist/ankle joint

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6
Q

differences of radius/ulna and tib/fib

A

no movement between tib/fib, others can pronate and supinate
only tibia interacts at knee joint
tibia transmits almost all weight in lower leg, much bigger than fib

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7
Q

similarities of bones in hand/foot

A

collection of short bones
allow more complex movements
equivalent meta bones and phalanges in digits/toes
irregular thumb and first toe

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8
Q

differences in bones of hand/foot

A

more carpal bones
hand bones for more complex movement, foot for weight transmission
foot forms an arch

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9
Q

compare joints of pectoral vs pelvic girdle

A

sim:
- join limb to axial skeleton with synovial joints
diff
- pelvic girdle much more immobile, for strength and stability
- shoulder girdle allows for movement of the arm and scapula
- pubic symphysis = fibrocartilagenous

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10
Q

sim of shoulder/hip

A

both synovial ball and socket
generally large range of motion
strengthened with labrum, capsule, ligaments
3x extra capsular ligaments

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11
Q

diff of shoulder/hip

A

glenoid labrum is deeper for more stability
hip has more articulating surface, more stable
hip has thicker stronger joint capsule, shoulder capsule loose inferiorly
stronger, tighter ligaments across hip

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12
Q

compare elbow vs knee

A 
sim:
synovial hinge allows flex/extend
collateral ligaments
diff:
- knee has tibia and patella, elbow has radius and ulna 
- knee has cruciate ligaments 
- knee has menisci 
- elbow capsule also has proximal radio-ulnar joint
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13
Q

structural specialisations of hand

A

radio-carpal are ellipsoid
metacarpo-phalangeal are ellipsoid, for abd/add
saddle joint in thumb
specialised fro dexterity and grip

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14
Q

structural specialisations of foot

A

forms an arch
transmission of weight through bones
specialised for stability and supply

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15
Q

shapes of skeletal muscle

A 
circular
pennate
parallel
fusiform
convergent
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16
Q

circular muscle features

A

orbicularis oris

sphincter muscles around an opening

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17
Q

pennate muscle features

A

multipennate (deltoid), bipennate (rectus femoris), unipennate (extensor digitorum longus)
fibres arranged at an angle to the direction of muscle action
high muscle fibre density
rotate as they shorten, power muscles

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18
Q

parallel muscle features

A

sartorius
fibres parallel to line of action
large but relatively weak movements

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19
Q

fusiform muscle features

A

biceps brachii

large muscle belly with narrow insertions, spindle shaped

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20
Q

convergent muscle features

A

pectoralis major
large fan shaped with narrow insertions and wide origins
wide variation in muscle angle direction s
very powerful muscles in upper limb

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21
Q

muscle attachment

A

muscles attach to bone (enthesis) via a tendon
calcified fibrocartilage on the bone
bursa present with fibrocartilage on the burial side of the tendon and bone

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22
Q

flexion

A

sagittal plane

decrease in anterior angle between joint

23
Q

extension

A

increase in anterior angle

sagittal plane

24
Q

abduction

A

coronal plane

away from midline

25
adduction
coronal plane | towards midline
26
medial extension
turn limb inwardly, towards midline
27
lateral extension
turn limb outwardly, away from midline
28
action of agonists
provide primary driving force
29
action of antagonists
opposes agonist, provide resistance or reverse movement
30
action of synergist
assist the agonist muscle
31
shoulder movements
flex = anterior, deltoid and pectoralis major extend = posterior, latissimus dorsi, deltoid abd = above, supraspinatus (first 10-15), deltoid add = pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi medial rotation = pectoralis major, subscapularis lateral rotation = infraspinatus, teres minor
32
rotator cuff muscles
- supraspinatus = suprascapular nerve, abduction, greater tuberosity insertion - infraspinatus = suprascapular nerve, greater tuberosity - subscapularis = subscapular nerve, lesser tuberosity - teres minor = axillary nerve, greater tuberosity
33
movement of elbow
flex = anterior comportment of arm, biceps and brachialis - biceps has short head from coronoid, long head from supraglenoid tubercle, also supinate forearm extension = posterior, triceps
34
movement of forearm
pronation = pronator teres and quadrates supination = supinator, biceps flexion = flexor carpi radialis and ulnaris (flexor group) extension = extensors carpi radials longus and brevis, extensor carpi ulnaris (Extensor group)
35
movement of hip
flex = quadriceps, psoas major, iliacus and pectineus extend = gluteus maximus, biceps femoris, semimembranosus and semitendinosus abd = lateral aspect of hip, gluteal and abductor group, gluteus minimus and medius, tensor fasciae latae add = medial aspect, adductor group, adductor magnus/brevis/longus and gracilis rotation is a much less powerful movement than shoulder medial = adductor longus, tensor fascia latae lateral = gluteus maximus
36
movement of knee
flex = semimembranosus and semitendinosus, biceps femoris extend = quads, rectus femurs, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis
37
movement of lower leg
dorsiflexion = anterior, tibiáis anterior, extensor digitorum longus plantar flexion = superficial calf, gastrocnemius and soleus, deep calf - flexor digitorum longus, tibias posterior eversion = peroneus longus and brevis inversion = tibialis anterior and extensor hallicus longus
38
sim between muscles of hip/shoulder
flexor and extensor muscles origins from all aspects around joint wide range of motion
39
diff between muscles of hip/shoulder
shoulder has rotator cuff, trunk muscles and arm muscles hip has just leg muscles, with more compartments hip has more muscles and more muscle groups shoulder has extra muscles fro the movement of the scapula
40
compare muscles of elbow/knee
sim: originate mostly from main joint above (shoulder/hip) diff: - flex in arm is anterior, in knee is posterior, flex and extend occur in different directions - arm has fewer muscles in each group, less powerful movements - knee muscles also act on hip - biceps can also supinate forearm
41
movement of the hand
abd and add at risk and metacarpi/phalangeal joint flex/ extend carpals opposition of thumb
42
movement of foot
inversion and eversion of mid-tarsal joints | flex and extend of toes
43
function of retinacula
band of thickened deep fascia around tendons, holds in place and stabilises
44
lymphatic drainage follows
venous drainage
45
types of lymph vessels
superficial and deep nodes
46
do lymph vessels have valves
yes
47
where do superficial lymphatic vessels in upper limb arise fro
lymphatic plexuses int he skin of hand | travel close to basilica/ cephalic veins
48
deep lymphatic vessels in upper limb
follows major deep veins | termination in the humeral axillary lymph nodes
49
upper extremity lymph nodes located
axilla pectoral, subscapular, humeral, central, apical
50
lymph from apical axillary nodes
converge to form the subclavian lymphatic trunk right subclavian trunk -> right lymphatic duct -> right venous angle left subclavian trunk -> thoracic duct
51
major groups of lymph vessels in lower limb
superficial: medial = follows great saphenous vein (drain into inguinal) lateral = associated with small saphenous vein (drain into popliteal) deep: called and follow these arteries - anterior tibial, poster tibial, peroneal (drain into popliteal)
52
main nodes in leg
inguinal: upper aspect of femoral triangle, superficial/deep popliteal: embedded in popliteal fossa
53
main pathway of breast lymph drainage
axillary | other is internal mammary
54
sciatica
pain from sciatic nerve, buttocks down leg often occurs with herniated disk, spinal stenosis

OB extra nuggets (9 decks)

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