endocrine

Question 1

protein/polypeptide typical conc in plasma

Answer 1

nanomlar

Question 2

steroid typical conc in plasma

Answer 2

sub-micromolar

Question 3

which hormones are produced enzymatically when needed?

Answer 3

prostaglandins
NO
angiotensin II

Question 4

what is special about the control of PRL release

Answer 4

only pituitary hormone that is controlled by inhibition from the hypothalamus
dopamine inhibits release

Question 5

parathyroid gland formation

Answer 5

endoderm 
from 3/4 pharyngeal pouches 
can also have ectoderm and neural crest contributions 
3rd = inferior parathyroid glands 
4th = superior parathyroids

Question 6

parathyroid location

Answer 6

two sets of small, paired gland behind the thyroid

Question 7

function of parathyroid hormone

Answer 7

released in response to hypocalcaemia

increase plasma calcium levels, through breakdown of bone matrix and other calcium stores

Question 8

alpha 1 adrenoreceptors location

Answer 8

Gq, ip3
vascular smooth muscle
visceral smooth muscle
radial smooth muscle (eye)

Question 9

alpha 2 adrenoreceptors location

Answer 9

Gs, cAMP 
some pre synaptic neurons 
pancreatic islets
platelets
cilary epithelium

Question 10

beta 1 receptors location

Answer 10

Gs, cAMP
myocardium
JG cells
some pre-s terminals

Question 11

beta 2 receptors location

Answer 11

Gs, cAMP 
visceral smooth muscle 
vascular smooth muscle 
liver 
myocardium 
skeletal muscle 
- smooth muscle relax!!!

Question 12

bronchiole effect (adrenaline)

Answer 12

dilation

beta 2

Question 13

GI effect (adrenaline)

Answer 13

reduced motility

a, beta 1

Question 14

bladder effect (arenal)

Answer 14

contract detrusor
relax sphincter
alpha 1 beta 1

Question 15

penis effects (adrenal)

Answer 15

smooth muscle contraction and vas deferens contraction

Question 16

eye effects (adrenal)

Answer 16

dilation of pupil - alpha 1 (contract)

relax ciliary muscles

Question 17

salivary glands effect

Answer 17

amylase secretion

beta 1

Question 18

pancreas effect

Answer 18

insulin secretion

alpha 2

Question 19

kidney effect

Answer 19

renin secretion

beta

Question 20

liver effect

Answer 20

increase plasma glucose

alpha 1 beta 2

Question 21

fat effect

Answer 21

lipolysis

beta 3

Question 22

skeletal muscle effect

Answer 22

tremor
more contraction
glycogenolysis
beta 1

Question 23

adrenaline cardiovascular effects

Answer 23

increase chonotorpy and inotropy by beta 1

vasconstriction from alpha 1

Question 24

respiratory adrenaline effects

Answer 24

increase bronchidilatio from beta 2

Question 25

GI adrenaline effects

Answer 25

diverts blood away, reduce motility and secretions

Question 26

metabolism adrenaline effects

Answer 26

promotes glucose release

same receptor as glucagon

Question 27

control of adrenaline release

Answer 27

sympathetic stimulation

T10-L1 nerves

Question 28

kidney hormones

Answer 28

erythropoietin secretion

in response to hypoxia from the interstitial cells of renal medulla

Question 29

heart hormones

Answer 29

ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)
antagonises renin-aldosterone-angiotensin
released in response to distension of atria or elevated angiotensin II
cGMP pathway
reduces salt and water content of body, reduce blood volume and pressure

Question 30

Eicosanoid hormones

Answer 30

steroid hormones
derived from arachidonic acid
in response to inflammation

Question 31

examples of eicosanoids

Answer 31

prostaglandins = lots of subtypes, released in response to infection, uterine contractions during parturition 
prostacyclin = specific subtype of prostaglandin, released in response to abnormal platelet binding, vasodilation 
thromboxjnes = secreted from granules in activated platelets, powerful vasoconstrictors

Question 32

prostaglandin release inhibitor

Answer 32

aspirin