cardio/lungs

Question 1

changes in epithelium of nose

Answer 1

from keratinised to respiratory

Question 2

nasal septum

Answer 2

part of ethmoid bone
septal cartilage
vomer

Question 3

function of conchae

Answer 3

swirl like bone structures
lateral aspect of each side of the airway
moisten and warm air, by increasing SA
inferior, middle, superior

Question 4

number of paranasal air sinuses

Answer 4

4 pairs

maxillary, frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal

Question 5

function of paranasal air sinuses

Answer 5

hollow air filled bony cavities

lined with respotaorty epithelium, produce mucus which drains into the nasal cavity

Question 6

function of naso pharynx

Answer 6

protected from the regurgitation of food during swallowing by the soft palate rising and closing it off from the rest of the pharynx

Question 7

function of oro pharynx

Answer 7

area behind mouth, between the soft palate and hyoid bone

• part of conduit between the mouth and oesophagus
• involuntarily contracts when it receives food

Question 8

function of laryngeopharynx

Answer 8

• area behind larynx, from epiglottis to C5

Question 9

innervation of nose

Answer 9

sensory innervation to external nose from trigeminal nerve
motor innervation via facial nerve
olfactory nerve controls smelling
facial nerve controls serous gland secretion

Question 10

innervation of larynx

Answer 10

sensory from glossopharyngeal
nasopharynx = trigeminal!
motor innervation from vagus

Question 11

innervation of trachea

Answer 11

vagus and recurrent laryngeal = parasym

sympathetic from sympathetic trunk

Question 12

vocal cords control

Answer 12

vagus and recurrent laryngeal

Question 13

what are vocal cords

Answer 13

two folds of mucosa, forming a triangular shaped membrane either side of an opening

Question 14

divisions of vocal cords

Answer 14

superior vestibular fold = false vocal cord

inferior vestibular fold = true vocal cords

Question 15

movement of vocal cords

Answer 15

open during inhalation
closed during swallowing and phonation, can vibrate when closed
called adduction and abduction

Question 16

vocal cords attached to

Answer 16

front = thyroid cartilage 
back = arytenoid cartilage

Question 17

muscles in phonation

Answer 17

• cricothyroid muscle = raises cricoid and lowers thyroid cartilage, lengthens folds
• posterior cricoarytenoid muscle = cricoid to arytenoid, cause abduction of folds by moving arytenoids
• lateral cricoarytenoid muscles = from arytenoid to sides of cricoid, cause folds to approximate
• interarytenoid muscles = horizontally between arytenoids, adduct folds

Question 18

function of different muscles in phonation

Answer 18

• cricothyroid = stretches and tenses folds, for forceful speech and alters tone of voice
• thyroarytenoid = relaxes folds for softer joint
• posterior cricoarytenoid = abducts folds
• lateral cricoarytenoid = adducts folds, modulate tone and volume

Question 19

blood supply to lungs

Answer 19

supplied = bronchial arteries from descending thoracic artery 
drain = bronchial veins

Question 20

afferent and efferent supply to lungs

Answer 20

autonomic nerve plexus with sym and parasym
sym = from thoracic sympathetic ganglia
para = vagus

Question 21

mucous membrane structure

Answer 21

(mucosa)
ciliated pseudostratified cells with goblet cells, layer of mucous on top
basement membrane
lamina propria below, with vessels, fibres

Question 22

serous membrane structure

Answer 22

two layers of mesothelium joined by a layer of loose connective tissue and sitting on basal lamina
- parietal and visceral layers with cavity between

Question 23

referred pain from heart

Answer 23

most common in males

central chest, neck and left arm

Question 24

referred pain from diaphragm

Answer 24

shoulder, C4

Question 25

carotid bifurcation

Answer 25

common carotid splits into internal and external

located in the carotid triangle, at C4 or laryngeal prominence

Question 26

phrenic nerves location

Answer 26

pass on either side of the trachea, alongside the great vessels, around each side of the heart and down to the diaphragm

Question 27

vagus nerves location

Answer 27

travels down from brainstem
left vagus has branch that goes underneath the aortic arch and back up to form the recurrent laryngeal
right = parallel to trachea, posterior to vena cava and right bronchus
left = enters between left common carotid and left subclavian, descends anteriorly to aortic arch and travels posterior to L bronchus

Question 28

lung hilum lymph nodes

Answer 28

2x both side
directly below bronchus
above inferior pulmonary veins

Question 29

sympathetic innervation of mediastinum

Answer 29

T1-L2 sympathetic preganglionic

• sympathetic chain
• increase HR and breathing, dilates bronchioles

Question 30

parasym innervation

Answer 30

pre ganglionic in vagus

slow HR and breathing rate , constricts bronchioles

Question 31

sensory fibres

Answer 31

visceral afferent found within vagus and sym nerves

Question 32

horners syndrome

Answer 32

tumour causing damage to sympathetic trunk at head of first rib
affects sympathetic innervation of head
droop eyelids