Musculoskeletal Flashcards
What are the four phases of wound healing?
- Inflammatory
- Debridement
- Proliferation
- Maturation
What is primary closure?
- First intention - complete and immediate closure of wound
- Appositional healing
- Occurs shortly after injury (6-8 hours)
- Utilized in minimally contaminated wounds
What is delayed primary closure?
- Third intention - wound initially managed as an open wound to allow drainage
- 3-5 days post injury
- Goal is to close wound before granulation tissue develops
What is second intention healing?
Relies on the body’s own contraction and epithelialization for wound healing
What is secondary closure?
Closure of wounds after granulation tissue has formed
How does sugar promote wound healing?
It is very osmolar and draws lymph into the wound, which keeps the wound moist and provides nutrition. Hyperosmolarity also inhibits bacterial growth
How is honey antibacterial?
By dehydrating bacteria through osmosis
Can honey be used in dry/dessicated wounds?
No, avoid honey in these wounds because of its osmotic action
What is the rule of 9s in burns?
- Head and neck = 9%
- Each individual forelimb = 9%
- Each individual hind limb = 18%
- Thorax = 18%
- Abdomen = 18%
- Tail = 1%
Total = 100%
TBSA > 50% carries a poor prognosis
What is a first degree burn?
- Superficial
- Painful
- Only epidermis
- No blistering
What is a second degree burn?
- Partial thickness
- Affects epidermis and dermis
- Small vessels of dermis can leak plasma if damaged
- Blisters common
What is a third degree burn?
- Full thickness
- Epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis
- Affects adipose tissue
- Destroys nerve tissues and nociceptors
What is a fourth degree burn?
Involves muscle, tendon, bone
How long can it take burns to become visible?
Up to 3 days as heat dissipates slowly from skin
Why are burns prone to infection?
- Loss of skin as the protective barrier
- Bacteria can colonize and proliferate in burns
Why is aloe vera beneficial for burns?
- It has antithrombaxane effects that prevent vasoconstriction and allow blood flow and nutrients to circulate to the area
- Superficial burns only
During what time frame is cold water lavage/immersion beneficial in burns?
Within 2 hours
Why is silver sulfadiazine beneficial for burns?
- It has bactericidal properties against gram pos, neg, and Candida yeast
- Partial and full thickness
What is a transverse fracture?
- A diaphyseal fracture line perpendicular to the long axis of the bone
What is an oblique fracture?
- A diaphyseal fracture at an angle to the long axis
What is a physeal fracture?
Occurs along the physis (growth plate)
- Salter 1: Straight. Fx goes straight across growth plate
- Salter 2: Above. Fx extends above or away from growth plate
- Salter 3: Lower. Fx extends below growth plate
- Salter 4: Through. Fx extends through metaphysis, growth plate, and epiphysis
- Salter 5: Rammed. Growth plate has been crushed
What external coaptation can be used for a femur or humerus fracture?
Only spica
What is one reason bandaging a wound facilitates healing?
The bandage promotes retention of CO2 which creates an acidic environment and helps to diminish bacterial growth and facilitates oxygen dissociation from Hb which increases the oxygen content available to the wound
When is a non adherent dressing chosen over adherent?
When a granulation bed is present
How does an Ehmer sling provide support?
It creates an internal rotation of the hip and stifle in craniodorsal hip lux
When is a wet to dry bandage no longer indicated?
Once granulation tissue has formed2Q
What is the most common bacteria to cause osteitis/osteomyelitis?
Stapholocci
What is Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy? (HOD)
- Occurs in young, medium to large breed dogs
- Long bones commonly affected
- Mottled appearance on rads +/- extraperiostal calcifications
- Viral vs immune vs Vit C deficiency
What is panosteitis?
- Eosinophlic osteitis
- Self limiting syndrome of young dogs
- Autoimmune vs virl
- Shifting leg lameness
- Mottled bones on rads
What can cause an infectious inflammatory joint disease in the dog?
- Ehrlichiosis
- Lyme
- RMSF
What can cause an infectious inflammatory joint disease in the cat?
- Mycoplasma induced polyarthritis
What is non infectious inflammatory joint disease? What are some examples?
- Believed to begin with immune reaction and antibody formation leading to a large inflammatory response
- Non erosive: Sharpei fever, systemic lupus erythmatosis
- Erosive: rheumatoid arthritis
