Musculoskeletal

Question 1

What are the four phases of wound healing?

Answer 1

• Inflammatory
• Debridement
• Proliferation
• Maturation

Question 2

What is primary closure?

Answer 2

• First intention - complete and immediate closure of wound
• Appositional healing
• Occurs shortly after injury (6-8 hours)
• Utilized in minimally contaminated wounds

Question 3

What is delayed primary closure?

Answer 3

• Third intention - wound initially managed as an open wound to allow drainage
• 3-5 days post injury
• Goal is to close wound before granulation tissue develops

Question 4

What is second intention healing?

Answer 4

Relies on the body’s own contraction and epithelialization for wound healing

Question 5

What is secondary closure?

Answer 5

Closure of wounds after granulation tissue has formed

Question 6

How does sugar promote wound healing?

Answer 6

It is very osmolar and draws lymph into the wound, which keeps the wound moist and provides nutrition. Hyperosmolarity also inhibits bacterial growth

Question 7

How is honey antibacterial?

Answer 7

By dehydrating bacteria through osmosis

Question 8

Can honey be used in dry/dessicated wounds?

Answer 8

No, avoid honey in these wounds because of its osmotic action

Question 9

What is the rule of 9s in burns?

Answer 9

• Head and neck = 9%
• Each individual forelimb = 9%
• Each individual hind limb = 18%
• Thorax = 18%
• Abdomen = 18%
• Tail = 1%
  Total = 100%
  TBSA > 50% carries a poor prognosis

Question 10

What is a first degree burn?

Answer 10

• Superficial
• Painful
• Only epidermis
• No blistering

Question 11

What is a second degree burn?

Answer 11

• Partial thickness
• Affects epidermis and dermis
• Small vessels of dermis can leak plasma if damaged
• Blisters common

Question 12

What is a third degree burn?

Answer 12

• Full thickness
• Epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis
• Affects adipose tissue
• Destroys nerve tissues and nociceptors

Question 13

What is a fourth degree burn?

Answer 13

Involves muscle, tendon, bone

Question 14

How long can it take burns to become visible?

Answer 14

Up to 3 days as heat dissipates slowly from skin

Question 15

Why are burns prone to infection?

Answer 15

• Loss of skin as the protective barrier
• Bacteria can colonize and proliferate in burns

Question 16

Why is aloe vera beneficial for burns?

Answer 16

• It has antithrombaxane effects that prevent vasoconstriction and allow blood flow and nutrients to circulate to the area
• Superficial burns only

Question 17

During what time frame is cold water lavage/immersion beneficial in burns?

Answer 17

Within 2 hours

Question 18

Why is silver sulfadiazine beneficial for burns?

Answer 18

• It has bactericidal properties against gram pos, neg, and Candida yeast
• Partial and full thickness

Question 19

What is a transverse fracture?

Answer 19

• A diaphyseal fracture line perpendicular to the long axis of the bone

Question 20

What is an oblique fracture?

Answer 20

• A diaphyseal fracture at an angle to the long axis

Question 21

What is a physeal fracture?

Answer 21

Occurs along the physis (growth plate)
- Salter 1: Straight. Fx goes straight across growth plate
- Salter 2: Above. Fx extends above or away from growth plate
- Salter 3: Lower. Fx extends below growth plate
- Salter 4: Through. Fx extends through metaphysis, growth plate, and epiphysis
- Salter 5: Rammed. Growth plate has been crushed

Question 22

What external coaptation can be used for a femur or humerus fracture?

Answer 22

Only spica

Question 23

What is one reason bandaging a wound facilitates healing?

Answer 23

The bandage promotes retention of CO2 which creates an acidic environment and helps to diminish bacterial growth and facilitates oxygen dissociation from Hb which increases the oxygen content available to the wound

Question 24

When is a non adherent dressing chosen over adherent?

Answer 24

When a granulation bed is present

Question 25

How does an Ehmer sling provide support?

Answer 25

It creates an internal rotation of the hip and stifle in craniodorsal hip lux

Question 26

When is a wet to dry bandage no longer indicated?

Answer 26

Once granulation tissue has formed2Q

Question 27

What is the most common bacteria to cause osteitis/osteomyelitis?

Answer 27

Stapholocci

Question 28

What is Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy? (HOD)

Answer 28

• Occurs in young, medium to large breed dogs
• Long bones commonly affected
• Mottled appearance on rads +/- extraperiostal calcifications
• Viral vs immune vs Vit C deficiency

Question 29

What is panosteitis?

Answer 29

• Eosinophlic osteitis
• Self limiting syndrome of young dogs
• Autoimmune vs virl
• Shifting leg lameness
• Mottled bones on rads

Question 30

What can cause an infectious inflammatory joint disease in the dog?

Answer 30

• Ehrlichiosis
• Lyme
• RMSF

Question 31

What can cause an infectious inflammatory joint disease in the cat?

Answer 31

• Mycoplasma induced polyarthritis

Question 32

What is non infectious inflammatory joint disease? What are some examples?

Answer 32

• Believed to begin with immune reaction and antibody formation leading to a large inflammatory response
• Non erosive: Sharpei fever, systemic lupus erythmatosis
• Erosive: rheumatoid arthritis