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VTS > Exotics > Flashcards

Exotics Flashcards

1
Q

Should a cuffed or uncuffed ETT be used in birds?

A

Uncuffed. Birds have complete tracheal rings and the trachea lacks distensibility

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2
Q

What resuscitation drug may not be effective in rabbits?

A

Atropine. 30-50% of rabbits have endogenous atropinase enzymes, which block the effectiveness of injectable atropine

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3
Q

True or false: rabbits are nasal obligate breathers

A

True

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4
Q

True or false: rabbits can vomit

A

False

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5
Q

What microorganisms causes “snuffles” in rabbits?

A

Pasteurella multocida

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6
Q

What is the most common neoplastic disease seen in adult female rabbits?

A

Uterine adenocarcinoma

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7
Q

Rabbit abscesses

A
  • Rabbits produce unique granuloatous abscesses that are typically impenetrable to most antimicrobials and require surgical excision with clean margins
  • Can try enro, TMS
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8
Q

What is the most common cause of neurological disease in rabbits?

A

The protozoal parasite Encephalitozoon cuniculi, spread through contaminated urine

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9
Q

What are the two most common cause of bacterial enteritis in rabbits?

A

Enterotoxemia (clostridial bacteria) & colibacillosis (pathogenic E. coli)

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10
Q

What is the blood volume of a rabbit?

A

50-60ml/kg, similar to cat

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11
Q

What two animals produce cecotrophs?

A

Rabbits and guinea pigs

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12
Q

Guinea pigs require an outside source of which vitamin?

A

C

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13
Q

What is the minimum daily vitamin C requirement for g pigs?

A

10-30mg

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14
Q

Why are gpigs prone to dystocia?

A
  • Pelvic symphysis fuses if not bred by 6 months
  • If bred for the first time between 6-9 months, dystocia occurs due to the inability of pelvic symphysis to widen for parturition due to hardening of the 2 halves
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15
Q

What microorganism is the main pathogen for enterotoxemia in gpigs?

A

Clostridium

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16
Q

What is the most common cause of urinary calculi in rabbits and gpigs?

A

Excessive dietary Vit C

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17
Q

Can chinchillas vomit?

A

No

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18
Q

What happens in esophageal choke & bloat?

A
  • Food becomes lodged in esophagus
  • If esophagus is obstructed, gas can’t be released orally and gastric distension will occur
  • Excess carbs will cause an overproductionn of gas, leading to gastric distension
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19
Q

What is fur ring?

A
  • When excess skin collects around the base of the chinchillas penis. Fur wraps around penis and forms a tight ring
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20
Q

Are chinchillas better suited for hot or cooler temperature?

A

Cooler - they do not experience temp >80 in the wild

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21
Q

Can gerbils be lifted by the tail?

A

No - may deglove
Mice yes, rats temporarily at base of tail

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22
Q

What is Tyzzer’s disease, and in what animal is it often seen in?

A
  • Hamster and gerbils most affected
  • An infectious disease affecting the GIT caused by Clostridium pilforme
  • Mortality high even if treated
  • Tetracycline
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23
Q

What is proliferative ileitis/wet tail?

A
  • The most serious hamster GIT dz caused by bacteria Lawsonia intracellularis
  • Prognosis guarded
24
Q

Gerbil epilepsy

A
  • Gerbils have a unique form of hereditary epilepsy triggered by strange environments or stressful situations
  • Severity increases with age until ~ 7 months
25
Q

True or false: rodents are nasal obligate breathers

A

True

26
Q

What microorganisms usually cause respiratory conditions in rodents?

A
  • Sendai viruses & mycoplasma pulmonis
27
Q

What are “red tears”?

A
  • Chromodacryorrhea
  • Occurs because of porphyrin pigments secreted by Harderian/Harder’s gland
  • Irritant but not blood
28
Q

Where is an IO catheter usually placed in ferrets?

A

Proximal femur

29
Q

What do ferrets have difficult digesting?

A

Fiber. Obligate carnivores

30
Q

What diseases are ferrets prone to?

A
  • Helicobacter mustelae - almost 100% are carriers
  • Canine distemper - rare thanks for vaccine
  • Human influenza - zoonotic human to ferret
31
Q

What is the most common cardiovascular disease in ferrets?

A
  • DCM
32
Q

What are the most common neoplasias in ferrets?

A
  1. Insulinoma
  2. Adrenal neoplasia
  3. Lymphoma
33
Q

What is a normal BG in a ferret and what level is diagnostic for insulinoma?

A

Normal >80
Diagnostic for insulinoma <60
Signs seen at 20-40

34
Q

What is “green slime disease”?

A

Coronaviral diarrhea syndrome

35
Q

Why are ferrets susceptible to heat stroke?

A

Lack of sweat glands. Struggle to tolerate heat >30C

36
Q

What type of vaccine hypersensitivity can be seen in ferrets?

A

Type 1

37
Q

What is the most common hepatic tumor in ferrets?

A

Lymphoma

38
Q

What types of uroliths are most common in ferrets?

A

Cystine

39
Q

What is ferret estrogen toxicity?

A

Occurs in intact females due to prolonged estrus, leading to bone marrow suppression and life threatening anemia

40
Q

In what other exotic species can insulinomas occur?

A

G.pigs

41
Q

What can an elevated BGL in a rabbit indicate?

A

Intestinal obstruction

42
Q

What microorganisms commonly cause bacterial pneumonia in gpigs?

A
  • Bordetella bronchiectasis
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
43
Q

What is the metabolic rate of sugar gliders?

A

30% lower than similar sized placental mammals

44
Q

What are some common gpig toxicoses?

A

High carb items, avocado, chocolate, oxalate-containing plants

45
Q

What is the approximate BV of a bird?

A

10% of BW

46
Q

How much blood can safely be taken from a bird?

A

Up to 1% of BW = 1ml/100g

47
Q

Where should IO catheters never be placed in a bird?

A

Humerus and femur - pneumatic - communciate directly with air sacs

48
Q

Where should drugs be administered?

A

Cranial to kidney because of the renal portal system

49
Q

What are some common toxicants in birds?

A

Avocado, chocolate, Allium species

50
Q

Why are birds sensitive to inhaled toxins?

A

Their unique physiology - their respiratory system allows for 2 passes of air through respiratory tract with each breath

51
Q

In what bird is hypocalcemia common?

A

African greys

52
Q

Why can PLR be absent in reptiles?

A

The pupil is striated skeletal muscle and the animal has voluntary control over it

53
Q

What kind of RBCs do reptiles have?

A

Nucleated

54
Q

Does iso or sevo work best in reptiles?

A

Iso

55
Q

What clinical sign can be seen in iguanas in vit B/mineral deficiency?

A

Rear leg paralysis

56
Q

What effect can >50% oxygen cause in reptiles and amphibians?

A

Respiratory suppression

57
Q

What does opisthotonus in a snake look like?

A

“Stargazing” - the cervical area arches backwards

VTS (17 decks)

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