MUSCULO-SKELETAL SYSTEM - Start Of 2nd Quarter

Question 1

One of the projecting paired appendages in an animal body specifically for movement and grasping but sometimes sensory or sexual organs.

Answer 1

LIMBS REGION

Question 2

It segregate initially into an extensor mass and a flexor mass

Answer 2

Myotomes

Question 3

Myotomes segregate initially into an extensor mass and a flexor mass and those masses will subsequently subdivide into an?

Answer 3

extensor muscle and flexor muscle

Question 4

They arise from the local somatic mesoderm of the limb bud.

Answer 4

Bone, cartilage, and connective tissues

Question 5

condenses from local mesenchyme

Answer 5

Cartilage

Question 6

from dermatome migration into the limb bud

Answer 6

Dermis

Question 7

grow outward from body wall somatopleure as limb buds

Answer 7

Limbs

Question 8

Limbs – grow outward from body wall somatopleure as?

Answer 8

limb buds

Question 9

begins as a limb field (area of somatopleure committed to form a limb)

Answer 9

Limb buds

Question 10

What induced to form underlying mesoderm that makes the mesoderm to continue growing into a limb. (the shoulder/hip appears first, the manus/pes is the last to be added).

Simplified definition: What is a special structure on the surface of a developing limb (like an arm or leg) in an embryo. Its job is to send signals to the underlying mesoderm (a layer of cells beneath it), telling it to keep growing and forming the limb.

Answer 10

Apical ridge

Question 11

the distal end of the limb bud (footplate) is flattened like a paddle & ectoderm along its outer margin forms a thickened?

Answer 11

apical ridge

Question 12

It consist of:
- Elongation of a dorsoventrally flattened limb bud
- Ventroflexion of the distal half of the limb (ventral now faces medially)
- Pronation of the distal half (previous medial surface now becomes caudal)

Answer 12

Limb growth

Question 13

inherited, systemic, premature ossification of physes of extremities.

Simplified definition:

It is a genetic condition that affects bone growth. In people or animals with this condition, the bones in the arms and legs don’t grow properly because the areas where the bones grow (called growth plates or physes) turn to bone too early. This causes shorter limbs and a shorter stature overall. It is inherited, meaning it is passed down from parents to their offspring. It’s often seen in certain dog breeds, like Dachshunds, who may have similar bone growth issues.

Answer 13

Achondroplasia

Question 14

can result from malformed joints, denervation, abnormal muscle tension, or impaired mobility in utero.

Answer 14

Arthrogryposis

Question 15

syndactyly (fused digits); brachydactyly (stumpy digits) [Gr. dactylos = digit]

Answer 15

Polydactyly (extra digits)

Question 16

meromelia (absence of part of limb); micromelia (small limb) [Gr. melos = limb]

Answer 16

Amelia (no limb)

Question 17

absence of proximal segment(s) of limb was a consequence of pregnant women taking thalidomide in the late 1950s.

Answer 17

phocomelia (seal limb)

Question 18

consists of a cranium (which contains the brain within a cranial cavity) and a face

Answer 18

Head

Question 19

is formed during growth of the head process

Answer 19

Cranium

Question 20

develops from outgrowths of the frontonasal process and first pharyngeal arch.

Answer 20

face

Question 21

Since the face and cranium have different embryonic origins, it gives rise to skeletal muscle like cranium

Answer 21

Mesoderm

Question 22

Since the face and cranium have different embryonic origins, Mesoderm gives rise to skeletal muscle like cranium and ? for the face

Answer 22

Ectoderm

Question 23

This myotomes migrate to the orbit (two giving rise eye muscles) or they migrate to pharyngeal arches (becoming muscles of mastication, facial expression muscles)

Answer 23

Somitomere

Question 24

This myotomes become tongue and neck muscles and they migrate to pharyngeal arches (IV-VI), becoming pharyngeal, laryngeal & esophageal muscles

Answer 24

Somite

Question 25

establish early connections with adjacent somitomeres & somites and accompany them to definitive muscle sites.

Answer 25

Cranial nerves

Question 26

innervated by specific cranial nerves

Answer 26

Pharyngeal arch

Question 27

Face, and calvaria of cranium (intramembranous) and base of cranium (endochondral)

Answer 27

Regions of skull

Question 28

Bones of the base of the cranium develop?

Answer 28

endochondrally

Question 29

Bones of the base of the cranium develop endochondrally ; but the relatively flat bones that comprise the calvaria (roof of the
cranium) and the face develop?

Answer 29

intramembranously

Question 30

formed from the sclerotomes of somitomeres and the first four somites (occipital somites).

Answer 30

Endochondral bones

Question 31

Arise from ectomesenchyme (derived from neural crest).

Answer 31

Intramembranous bones

Question 32

gives rise to cartilage, bone, and connective tissue of the face and dorsal head (calvaria).

Answer 32

Ectomesenchyme

Question 33

intramembranous bone articulate by means of fibrous joints

Answer 33

Sutures

Question 34

widened suture areas, at the corners of growing bones

Answer 34

Fontanels

Question 35

complex origin involving both endochondral and intramembranous development

Answer 35

Mandible

Question 36

arise endochondrally from pharyngeal arches I (malleus & incus) and II (stapes)

Answer 36

Auditory ossicles

Question 37

fills pharyngeal arches and forms connective tissue, cartilage and bone.

Answer 37

Ectomesenchyme

Question 38

migrate into pharyngeal arches and give rise to the skeletal muscles that arise from that arch

Answer 38

Somitomere/somite myotomes

Question 39

• Jaw bones (mandible & maxilla); also, ossicles of the middle ear (malleus & incus)
• Muscles of mastication, plus rostral digastricus, mylohyoid, & tensor tympani mm.

Answer 39

First arch: (innervated by cranial nerve V)

Question 40

• Hyoid bones & stapes (ossicle of the middle ear)
• Muscles of facial expression, including caudal digastricus & stapedius mm.

Answer 40

Second arch: (innervated by cranial nerve VII)

Question 41

• Hyoid bones
• One pharyngeal muscle (stylopharyngeus mm.)

Answer 41

Third arch: (innervated by cranial nerve IX)

Question 42

• Laryngeal cartilages
• Pharyngeal mm & cricothyroid m — innervated by cranial branch of X
• Intrinsic laryngeal mm — innervated by recurrent laryngeal n. Of X

Answer 42

Arches IV through VI: (innervated by cranial nerve X)

Question 43

First arch: (innervated by what nerve? )

Answer 43

cranial nerve V

Question 44

Second arch: (innervated by what nerve? )

Answer 44

cranial nerve VII

Question 45

Third arch: (innervated by what nerve? )

Answer 45

cranial nerve IX

Question 46

Arches IV through VI: (innervated by? )

Answer 46

cranial nerve X