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VANA 103 > Central Nervous System ( Finals ) > Flashcards

Central Nervous System ( Finals ) Flashcards

1
Q

gives rise to neurons, glial cells (astrocytes and oligodendrocytes), and ependymal cells

A

Neuroepithelium

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2
Q

cells have processes which contact the inner and outer surfaces of the neural tube; they undergo mitotic division

A

Neuroepithelial

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3
Q

loses contact with surfaces of the neural tube and migrate toward the center of the neural tubewall

A

Neuroblasts and glioblasts

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4
Q

are derived from mesoderm associated with invading blood vessels

A

Microglial

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5
Q

Accumulated neuroblasts and glioblasts form what layer?, a zone of high cell density in the wall of the nerual tube

A

mantle layer

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6
Q

that remain lining the neural cavity are designated as what cells?

A

ependymal cells

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7
Q

that remain lining the neural cavity are designated ependymal cells; they form what kind of layer?

A

ependymal layer

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8
Q

Surrounding the mantle layer, a cell- sparse zone where axons of neurons and some glial cells are present is designated the?

A

marginal layer

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9
Q

The mantle layer becomes what matter?

A

gray matter

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10
Q

The mantle layer becomes gray matter and the marginal layer becomes what matter of the CNS?

A

white matter

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11
Q

The lateral wall of the neural tube is divided into?

A

two regions (plates)

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12
Q

A bilateral indentation evident in the neural cavity called?

A

sulcus limitans

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13
Q

A bilateral indentation evident in the neural cavity (the sulcus limitans) serves as a landmark to divide each lateral wall into an?

A

alar plate (dorsal) and a basal plate (ventral)

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14
Q

Midline regions dorsal and ventral to the neural cavity constitute, respectively, what plates?

A

roof plate and the floor plate

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15
Q

This plate contains efferent neurons that send axons into the PNS

A

basal plate

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16
Q

This plate contains neurons that receive input from the PNS.

A

alar plate

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17
Q

Generally, neurons are incapable of ?, so all neurons must be formed during nervous system development

A

cell division

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18
Q

Generally, neurons are incapable of cell division, so all neurons must be formed during nervous system development. However, in hippocampus and olfactory bulb, what persist and can give rise to a small number of new neurons postnatally.

A

some stem cells or neuroblasts

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19
Q

is generally long and often encased in a myelin sheath formed by glial cells.

A

axon

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20
Q

Unstained myelin has what color?

A

white color

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21
Q

This matter refers to CNS regions that have a high density of myelinated axons

A

White matter

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22
Q

This matter has sparse myelinated axons and generally a high density of neuron cell bodies

A

Gray matter

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23
Q

removing excess material to achieve a desired effect

A

Sculpting

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24
Q

To ensure that all targets get sufficient innervation, what development produces an excessive number of neurons along with a profuse, random growth of neuronal processes?

A

initial neural development

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25
Q

What will degenerate and disappear if they fail to contact an appropriate target due to insufficient neurotrophic molecules?

A

Neuron

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26
Q

What molecules are released by target cells to nurture neurons?

A

Neurotrophic molecules

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27
Q

Initially, individual neurons innervate an excessive number of muscle fibers and individual muscle fibers are innervated by a number motor neurons

A

Neuromuscular Innervation

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28
Q

What neurons will innervate only,about 10% of their initial muscle fibers and individual muscle fibers will retain only a single neuromuscular synapse

A

motor neurons

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29
Q

What released more neurotransmitter per terminal branch

A

survivors (winners)

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30
Q

In human prefrontal cortex, synaptic density peaks during what year of age (80K/neuron)?

A

first year

31
Q

In the human prefrontal cortex, synaptic density peaks during the first year of life at approximately 80,000 synapses per neuron. What stage of life has half that synaptic density?

A

Adult

32
Q

cranial end of the neural tube forms how many vesicles?

A

three vesicles

33
Q

cranial end of the neural tube forms three vesicles
(enlargements) that further divide into how many primary divisions of the brain?

A

five primary divisions

34
Q

Caudal to the brain the neural tube develops into?

A

spinal cord

35
Q

What flexure occurs at the level of the midbrain

A

midbrain flexure

36
Q

What flexure appears at the junction between the brain and
spinal cord (it persists slightly in domestic animals)?

A

cervical flexure

37
Q

What flexure is concave dorsally (the other flexures are concave ventrally)?

A

pontine flexure

38
Q

What becomes central canal lined by ependymal cells

A

neural cavity

39
Q

growth of alar and basal plates, but not roof and floor plates, results in symmetrical right and left halves separated by what fissure or septum?

A

ventral median fissure and a dorsal median fissure (or septum)

40
Q

the mantle layer develops into what matter?

A

gray matter

41
Q

the marginal layer becomes what matter?

A

white matter

42
Q

alar plates move laterally and the cavity of the neural tube expands dorsally forming a?

A

fourth ventricle

43
Q

the roof of the fourth ventricle (roof plate) is stretched and reduced to a layer of ependymal cells covered by?

A

pia mater

44
Q

the roof of the fourth ventricle (roof plate) is stretched and reduced to a layer of ependymal cells covered by pia mater and what develops bilaterally in the roof of the ventricle and secretes cerebrospinal fluid

A

choroid plexus

45
Q

What plate is positioned medial to the alar plate alar plate and ventral to the fourth ventricle;

A

basal plate

46
Q

white and gray matter becomes what? In fourth ventricle?

A

intermixed

47
Q

Adult cerebellum features surface gray matter, called?

A

cerebellar cortex

48
Q

Adult cerebellum features surface gray matter, called cerebellar cortex, and three pair of ? located deep within the cerebellar white matter

A

cerebellar nuclei

49
Q

What are the first evidence of cerebellar development; the lips are expansions of the alar plate into the roof plate

A

bilateral rhombic lips

50
Q

rhombic lips merge medially, forming a?

A

midline isthmus

51
Q

deep cells migrate (pass the superficial cells) toward the cerebellar surface and becomes what cell of the cerebellar cortex?

A

Purkinje cells

52
Q

neurons of the superficial layer migrate deeply and becomes?

A

cerebellar nuclei

53
Q

neuroblasts located laterally in the rhombic lip migrate along the outer surface of the cerebellum, forming an?

A

external germinal layer

54
Q

populations past one another allows connections to be established between neurons of the respective populations

A

Migration of neuron

55
Q

Neurons that fail to connect are destined to?

A

degenerate

56
Q

the neural cavity of the midbrain becomes?

A

mesencephalic aqueduct

57
Q

alar plates of midbrain form two pairs of dorsal bulges which become?

A

rostral and caudal colliculi

58
Q

the basal plate of midbrain gives rise to what Cranial Nerves which innervate muscles that move the eyes?

A

oculomotor (III) and trochlear (IV) nerves

59
Q

midbrain is the rostral extent of what plate?

A

basal plate

60
Q

What is the part of brain that are derived entirely from alar plate

A

Forebrain

61
Q

the neural cavity expands dorsoventrally and becomes the narrow?

A

third ventricle

62
Q
  1. What is stretched? and 2. what develop bilaterally in the roof of the third ventricle and secrete cerebrospinal fluid
A
  1. roof plate
  2. choroid plexuses
63
Q

the floor of the third ventricle gives rise to the?

A

neurohypophysis

64
Q

the mantle layer of the diencephalon gives rise to?

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

65
Q

What nerve develops from an outgrowth of the wall of the diencephalon?

A

optic nerve

66
Q

bilateral hollow outgrowths become?

A

right and left cerebral hemispheres

67
Q

bilateral hollow outgrowths become right and left cerebral hemispheres; the cavity of each outgrowth forms what ventricle that communicates with the third ventricle via an interventricular foramen?

A

lateral ventricle

68
Q

at the midline, the rostral end of the telencephalon forms the? of the third ventricle

A

rostral wall

69
Q

the mantle layer surrounding the lateral ventricle in each hemisphere gives rise to?

A

basal nuclei and cerebral cortex

70
Q

cellular migrations that form cerebral cortex: from the mantle layer, cells migrate radially to the surface of the ?, guided by glial cells that extend from the ventricular surface to the outer surface of the cerebral wall

A

cerebral hemisphere

71
Q

What wave (which becomes the deepest layer of cortex) migrates to the surface of the cortex?

A

first wave

72
Q

What wave (which forms the next deepest layer of cortex) migrates to the cortical surface, passing through first wave neurons which are displaced to a deeper position?

A

second wave

73
Q

are established within the cerebral cortex as waves of newly arriving neurons migrate through populations of neurons that arrived earlier

A

Cell connections

VANA 103 (17 decks)

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