musculo exam 1 to learn Flashcards
Arthrokinematics
Refers to the movement of the joint surfaces: 3 times of motion may occur (rolling, sliding, spinning)
Osteokinematics
Extent of anatomic range is determined by:
Shape of joint surfaces
Joint capsule
Ligaments
Muscle bulk
Surrounding musculo-tendinous and bony structure
scalar
only has a magnitude/size
- measures of space - quantities (time, volume, speed, mass, temp, distance, energy, work)
vector
- has a magnitude/size and a direction
- acceleration, velocity, momentum, force, inc/dec in temp)
- ex) muscles
converting kilograms to newtons
multiply kilograms by 10
cardiac muscle
striated, involuntary, branched cells
smooth muscle
circular and long, involuntary, in organs
skeletal muscle
striated and voluntary
Frequency of firing of motor units is limited by
the need for recovery time before re-firing
Magnitude of contraction is dependent upon the
number/frequency of motor units activated
muscular connective tissue superficial to deep
epimysium, perimysium, endomysium
embryonic development germ cell layers superficial to deep
ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
endochondrial ossification
hyaline cartilage model
intramembranous ossification
osteoblasts –> spongy bone –> compact bone
remodeling
mechanical stress on bone
wolff’s law
Remodeling occurs in response to physical stress or lack of it
Bone deposited in sites subject to stress
Bone reabsorbed from sites where there is little stress
cortical bone
dense, compact, long bones
cancellous bone
trabecular, spongy, marrow cavities
convex on concave
convex surface slides in the opposite direction of motion
concave on convex
concave surface moves in same direction
Explain the stress-strain curve
f we apply a load, there is an area where we start to uncrimp—get to B1
Once we get past B1, we are in danger zone of reaching ultimate failure
Toe—uncrimping of collagen fibrils
O to A
Linear—collagen fibril backbone itself is being stretch which gives rise to a stiffer material
A to B
Failure—as individual fibrils within the ligament or tendon begin to fail, damage accumulates, stiffness is reduced, and the ligament/tendons begin to fail
complete spinal cord compression
anesthesia (sensation loss), absent motor, deep tendon reflex, and pain
mild spinal cord compression
paresthesia and hyperesthesia, increased muscle tone, hyper deep tendon reflexes, pain
severe spinal cord compression
paresthesia and hyperesthesia, decreased muscle tone, hypo deep tendon reflexes, pain
scapula stabilizers
trapezius and serrates anterior
1st phase
0-60 degrees
GH joint: deltoid and supraspinatus
ST joint: upper trap and serratus anterior
2nd phase
60-120 degrees
GH: deltoid and ant/post cuff mx
ST: upper trap and serratus anterior
final phase
120-180 degrees
humerus disengages from scapula
scapular force couple - serratus anterior and upper trap provide upper components, and lower trap provides lower component to upwardly rotate scapula
2 things that make up extracellular matrix in connective tissue
ground substance (viscous gel that supports/strengthens) and collagen fibers (support/elasticity)
2 types of cells in connective tissue
resident (all the -blasts; synthesis/maintenance) OR circulating (-cytes,-phages; defense and clean up)
biomechanical properties of ligaments
(bone to bone) resists tensile forces in direction of fibers, reinforces joint capsule in areas of increased stress, provides stability, more or less elastic
biomechanical properties of tendons
(muscle to bone) produce torque around joint, stablizies, slightly elastic, tensile strength is placed on the tendon with active contraction of associated muscle vs passive lengthening
biomechanics properties of fibrocartilage
(menisci, articular disc) high tensile strength, resists shear stress, some elastic properties, slightly permeable, absorbs weight, joint lubrication
properties of hyaline cartilage
biomechanical properties: permeable, increase in force = decrease in permeability and decrease in fluid flow
elastic properties: time dependent, quick deformation and recovery
viscoelastic properties: time dependent, slow application of load, slow continual increase in deformation *strong in resisting compression (zone 3) and shear stress (zone 1)
Identify common characteristics of connective tissue in bone
anisotropic: different values when measured in different directions; strength and elasticity vary based on orientation in space (ex. wood is stronger across its grain)
viscoelasticity: time dependent (ex. human tissue)
hysteresis: loss of energy when force is applied (energy dissipates)
Identify muscles that are involved with spasticity following a stroke
flaccid supraspinatus and posterior deltoid are primarily responsible; spacity of subscapularis and pectoralis major (inward rotators)
Sharpey’s fibers
attach the tendons to bones that become continuous with periosteum
Golgi tendon organ
detects changes in muscle tension, Located in origins and insertions
muscle spindle
detects change in length of muscle, Located in body of muscle
Occupational Functioning Model (OFM)
Competence in occupational performance and subsequent feelings of self-empowerment
Believe that people who are competent in their life roles experience a sense of self-efficacy, self-esteem, and life satisfaction
Assumes that the ability to carry out one’s roles, tasks, and activities of life depends on basic abilities and capacities
World Health Organization International Classification of Functioning (WHO-ICF)
Both occupational therapy (OFM) and the ICF believe that recovery goes beyond remediating impairments, and both focus on the interaction between the person and the environment
ICF is not detailed enough to guide OT practice
Occupational Therapy Practice Framework (OTPF)
Describes the domain and process of the entire practice of OT
Aims to standardize the language of the domain and process of OT
It is expected that OTs will apply pertinent aspects of the framework through the particular conceptual model they choose
Clinical Reasoning
how you go through therapy with a patient
screening
to determine whether there are good reasons to enter into therapy
overall objective
both in agreement about where you are going
resources
means for doing therapy
practice model
map of destination
other pieces of clinical reasoning
Research—clinical and patient evidence Intervention plan and short-term goals Intervention implementation Discharge plan Documentation Reflection and development plan
docummentation
Contact, treatment or visit note
Evaluation report
Progress report
Discharge report
assessing context
Planning, conducting, and interpreting the results of OT assessment
types of context
Personal context—individual’s internal environment
Social context—refers to factors in the human environment that enable or deter the person’s occupational function
Cultural context—norms, values, and behaviors related to the community or society in which the occupational function occurs
Payer- reimbursement context—policies and regulations that determine availability and reimbursement of occupational therapy services in various settings
