Muscular Training: Anatomical Positions, Planes of Motion, Joint Actions

Question 1

Sagittal Plane

Answer 1

A vertical line dividing the body into left and right parts.

Question 2

Frontal Plane

Answer 2

A vertical line dividing the body into ventral (belly) and dorsal (back) parts.

Question 3

Transverse Plane

Answer 3

A horizontal line dividing the body into superior and inferior or upper and lower halves.

Question 4

Movements Occurring in the Sagittal Plane

Answer 4

Flexion, Extension, Dorsiflexion, and Plantar Flexion

Question 5

Movements Occurring in the Frontal Plane

Answer 5

Abduction, Adduction, Elevation, Depression, Inversion, and Eversion.

Question 6

Movements Occurring in the Transverse Plane

Answer 6

Rotation, Pronation, Supination, Horizontal Flexion (Adduction), Horizontal Extension (Abduction).

Question 7

Flexion

Answer 7

Decreasing the angle between two bones (EX: the elbow is in flexion when performing a bicep curl.)

Question 8

Extension

Answer 8

Increasing the angle between two bones. (EX: moving the knee from a bent position to fully extended.)

Question 9

Dorsiflexion

Answer 9

Moving the top of the foot towards the shin.

Question 10

Plantar flexion

Answer 10

Moving the sole of the foot downward (pointing the toes.)

Question 11

Abduction

Answer 11

Motion away from the midline of the body (EX: Hip Abduction Machine.)

Question 12

Adduction

Answer 12

Motion towards the midline of the body (EX: Arms straight out laterally and brought down to the sides.)

Question 13

Elevation

Answer 13

Moving to a superior position (only at the scapula.) EX: Shrugging shoulders up

Question 14

Depression

Answer 14

Moving to an inferior position (only at the scapula) EX: Shoulders are already raised and then released back down to a neutral position.

Question 15

Inversion

Answer 15

Lifting the medial border of the foot (only at the subtalar joint.) EX: Sole of foot moving towards the midline of the body

Question 16

Eversion

Answer 16

Lifting the lateral border of the foot (only at the subtalar joint.) EX: Sole of the foot moves away from the midline of the body.

Question 17

Multiplayer Movements

Answer 17

Circumduction and Opposition

Question 18

Rotation

Answer 18

Internal (inward) or external (outward) turning about the vertical axis of the bone.

Question 19

Pronation

Answer 19

Rotating the hand and wrist medially (Palm down position)

Question 20

Supination

Answer 20

Rotating the hand and wrist Laterally (Palm up position)

Question 21

Horizontal Flexion (adduction)

Answer 21

From a 90-Degree horizontally flexed shoulder or hip position the humerus or fever, respectively, is flexed (adducted) in toward the midline of the body in the transverse plane.

Question 22

Horizontal Extension (abduction)

Answer 22

From a 90-degree horizontally flexed shoulder or hip position the humerus or femur, respectively, is extended (abducted) out away from the midline of the body in the transverse plane.

Question 23

Circumduction

Answer 23

Motion that describes a “cone”; combines flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction in sequential order.

Question 24

Opposition

Answer 24

Thumb movement unique to humans and primates

Question 25

Movement of Synovial Joints: Hinge Joints

Answer 25

Uniplanar or uniaxial joints only allowing movement in one plane. EX: Ankles and Elbows

Question 26

Movement of Synovial Joints: Biplanar or Biaxial

Answer 26

Joints that allow movement in two planes of motion. EX: The foot, hand, knee and wrist.

Question 27

Movement of Synovial Joints: Multiplanar or Triaxial Joints

Answer 27

Allow movement in 3 planes of motion EX: hip, thumb and shoulder.