Muscular system Flashcards
What kind of appearance do skeletal muscles have?
Striped
What kind of muscle is a skeletal muscle?
Voluntary
What do skeletal muscles connect together?
Bones via tendons
What are 3 examples of skeletal muscles in the body?
- Quadriceps
- Hamstrings
- Gastrocnemius
Where are cardiac muscles found?
In the walls of the heart
What kind of muscle are cardiac muscles?
Involuntary
Do cardiac muscles fatigue?
No
What do the contractions of the cardiac muscle help with?
Forcing blood through the blood vessels to all parts of the body
What kind of muscle is a smooth muscle?
Involuntary
Where are smooth muscles found?
Within blood vessels
What 2 things do smooth muscles help with?
- Regulating digestion
- Regulating blood pressure
What is the function of the deltoid?
Abduction at the shoulder
What is the function of the bicep?
Flexion at the elbow
What is the function of the tricep?
Extension at the elbow
What is the function of the pectoral?
Horizontal adduction at the shoulder
What is the function of the quadriceps?
Extension at the knee
What is the function of the hamstrings?
Flexion at the knee
What is the function of the hip flexors?
Flexion at the hip
What is the function of the gluteals?
Extension at the hip
What do the wrist extensors do?
Allow for the extension and straightening of the hand at the wrist
What do the wrist supernators do?
Allow for the supernation of the forearm
What do the wrist pronators do?
Pronates the forearm
What are the 4 movements that can take place in the wrist?
- Supernation
- Pronation
- Extension
- Flexion
What is the function of the tibialis anterior?
Dorsiflexion at the ankle
What is the function of the gastrocnemius?
Plantarflexion at the ankle
What is the function of the soleus?
Plantarflexion at the ankle
What is the erector spinae?
A long muscle that runs either side of the spine
What is the function of the erector spinae?
Extension of the spine
What is the antagonistic pair at the elbow?
Bicep and tricep
What is the antagonistic pair at the knee?
Quadriceps and hamstrings
What is the antagonistic pair at the ankle?
Tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius
What is the antagonistic pair at the hip?
Gluteals and hip flexors
What is the antagonistic pair at the shoulder?
Deltoid and latissimus dorsi
What is a synergist?
Muscles that enable the agonist to operate effectively. Works with the agonist to control and direct movement
What is a fixator?
Muscles that stop any unwanted movement in the body by stabilising a joint
The agonist muscle is also referred to as what?
The prime mover
The stationary end of a muscle is called?
Origin
The end of the muscle is called?
Insertion
What are the 2 types of muscle contraction?
Isometric and isotonic
What is an isometric contraction?
When the muscles are contracting but doesn’t change length
What do isometric contractions lead to?
Rapid fatigue and an increase in blood pressure
What are 2 examples of an isometric contraction?
Plank and a wall sit
What are the 2 sub-categories within isotonic contractions?
- Concentric
- Eccentric
What happens to the muscle length during an isotonic contraction?
The muscle length will change
A concentric contraction is known as the ___ phase
Upwards
Give an example of a concentric contraction
Upwards phase of a bicep curl
Eccentric contractions are known as the ___ phase
Downwards
Does a muscle lengthen or shorten during an eccentric contraction?
Lengthens
What do eccentric contractions promote?
Strength - they tear more fibres
What is an example of an eccentric contraction?
The biceps in the downwards phase of a bicep curl
What are the 7 adaptations of the muscular system?
1) Muscular hypertrophy
2) Increased tendon strength
3) Increased number and size of mitochondria
4) Increased myoglobin stores
5) Increased glycogen stores
6) Increased storage of fats
7) Increased tolerance to lactate
What is muscular hypertrophy?
The increase in size of the muscles
How does increasing the number of mitochondria help with exercise?
There is room for more energy to be produced to improve aerobic performance
What is myoglobin?
A form of haemoglobin
Where is myoglobin found?
In the muscles
When does the body start using fats as an energy store?
After 90 minutes of aerobic exercise
What are the 2 additional factors of the muscular system?
Age and cramps
When does the reduction of muscle mass start?
Around 50
What is the term for the reduction in muscle mass?
Sarcopenia
What are 3 reasons as to why cramps happen?
- Dehydration
- Inadequate blood supply
- Lack of flexibility
What is the ‘all or none law’ of muscle contractions?
Once activated, all the muscles fibres within the motor unit contract. If the
impulse is not strong sufficient at activate the motor unit, then none of the
muscles contract.
What are the 6 responses of the muscular system?
1) Increased blood supply
2) Increased muscle temperature
3) Increased muscle pliability
4) Lactate
5) Microtears
6) DOMS
Explain the response - Increased blood supply
- When exercising, there is a greater demand for oxygen and glucose.
- Vasodilation will occur to allow more blood into the muscle.
- Allows muscles to have oxygen and lets waste products to be removed.
Explain the response - Increased muscle temperature
- When fuels are broken down for energy, heat is released as the by product.
- The more you exercise, the more heat your muscles will produce.
Explain the response - Increased muscle pliability
- With increasing temp, the pliability increases.
- Pliable muscles allow us to be less likely to suffer strains.
Explain the response - Lactate
- During high intensity exercise, lactic acid will build up.
- Results in rapid fatigue.
Explain the response - micro tears
- Resistance training causes micro tears which puts pressure on the nerve endings.
- After micro tears repair, it makes the muscles a bit stronger.
Explain the response - DOMS
- DOMS is the pain felt 24-48 hours after exercise.
- Occurs if you are not used to high intensity exercise.
