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1002 Structure and Function of Living Organisms > muscular + skeletal suppport systems > Flashcards

muscular + skeletal suppport systems Flashcards

1
Q

functions of skeletal muscles

A

movement ,posture and heat generation

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2
Q

name the lever systems used in muscle action

A 
1st class     moving head up, changing directions
2nd class   standing on tiptoes
3rd class    moving loads quickly
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3
Q

where would you have muscles that are muscle-to- skin?

A

facial expression

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4
Q

-muscle contraction-

what is the difference between isotonic and isometric contraction?

A

isotonic is where you have constant tension but variable length
>concentric for shorten
> eccentric for lengthen
isometic is when you have constant length (METRIC)

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5
Q

-muscle contraction-

give an example of isometric contraction

A

when you abduct, the DELTOID muscle undergoes concentric and it is ALSO in isometic contraction too!

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6
Q

-muscle contraction-

which muscle is the prime mover in flexion of elbow

A

the bicep is the agonist/prime mover and the tricep is the antgoniser/controls the movement

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7
Q

what are the component of muscle

A

conctractile cells which form the muscle belly and are t the functional unit = muscle fibre
connective tissue which connects tendons and allows blood vessels to enter

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8
Q

why is it advantgeous to have many muscle fibres?

A

you can proudce alot of force with alot of muscle fibres but there is less range of movement

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9
Q

name the shapes of a muscle fibres can form

A

paralell, circular, convergent and pennate (feather)

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10
Q

somethig about tendons

A

myotendinous junction - most injury/ damage

osteotendinous junction

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11
Q

Which of the following options is not a primary function of skeletal muscles?
A to generate movement of the body
B To ensure food is pushed through the digestive system
C To generate heat by shivering
D To maintain posture

A

OPTION B

as that is a function of smooth muscle

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12
Q

Which of the following describes skeletal muscle?
Striated and involuntary
Non-striated and involuntary
Straited and voluntary

A

OPTION C

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13
Q 
Which of these is an example of a saddle synovial joint?
Elbow
Wrist
Thumb
Shoulder
A

thumb! i knew that

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14
Q 
Vascular bundles are surrounded by...
A Parenchyma
B Chlorenchyma	
C Schlerenchyma
D Collenchyma
A

OPTION C

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15
Q 
What bone type is the scapula? (THE SHOULDER BIT)
Long 
Short
Flat
Sesamoid
Irregular
A

flat

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16
Q

What type of contraction is it if the muscle has a constant length?
Concentric
Eccentric
Isometric

A

OPTION C

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17
Q

What is the function of a tendon?
Support bone cells
Transfer force of muscle pull to bone
Add thickness to muscles

A

OPTION B

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18
Q

Which component of bone, produces new bone (ossification)?
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
Osteoblasts

A

OSTEOBLASTS

> do bone deposition

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19
Q 
The vertebrae are a form of which type of bone classification?
short 
flat
irregular
sesmoid
long
A

IRREGULAR

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20
Q 
How many true rib pairs do we have?
2
3
5
6
7
A

7 true rib pairs

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21
Q 
Which of the following statements describes a 2nd class lever system?
Joint at one end, resistance in the middle and force at the other end

Joint in the middle with force at one end and resistance at the other

Joint at one end, force in the middle and resistance at the other end

A

OPTION A e.g tiptoes/trying to move whole body weight

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22
Q

Where is the site of red blood cell production?
Red bone marrow
Yellow bone marrow
Heart

A

red bone marrow

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23
Q 
Which of the following statements describes a 1st class lever system?
Joint at one end, resistance in the middle and force at the other end

Joint in the middle with force on one end and resistance at the other

Joint at one end, force in the middle and resistance at the other end

A

OPTION B moving head up / changing directions

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24
Q 
How many pairs of ribs are there?
8 (4 true, 4 false)
10 (6 true, 4 false)
10 (5 true, 5 false)
12 (7 true, 5 false)
12 (8 true, 4 false)
A

7 AND 5

true - as it joins both to the back (vertebral collum) and front (sternum
false - joins only to back and 3 of them hitchhike by cartilidge, 2 of them are floating!

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25
Q

roughly how many bones and how is the skeletal system organised?

A

Human skellyton has 206 bones but we ~350
axial and appendicular skeleton
> skull, vetebral collum: cervical,thoracic(ribcage),lumbar,coccyx,
> upper and lower limbs for dexterity and SUPPORT

26
Q

name some functions of the skeletal system

A 
support agaisn gravity
determines shape of bodies
work as levers with muscles to facilitate joint movement
mineral sotre for calcium and phosphates
site of red+white blood celles
27
Q

what is an osteoblast?

A

immature bone cell
located on the bone surfaces/ periosteum+ endosteum
they secrete bone matrix (help to build bone)

28
Q

what is an osteoclast?

A

multinucleate cells derived from white blood cells (monocytes)
they secrete enzymes which remove and break down bone (bone RESORPTION
this is useful in the repair and growth of bone

29
Q

what is osteocyte?

A

mature bone cell embedded in the bone
they can sense and detect the loading
star shaped/stellate

30
Q

describe the anatomy of a long bone (limb)

A

epiphysis
diaphysis
metaphysis - growth plate

31
Q

name the connective tissue layers within a bone

A

endosteum which lones the inner layer made of cellular connective tissue
periosteum which lines the outside of bone and is fibrous and vascular to heal bone

also medullary cavity which has yellow marrow and adipose tissue

32
Q

how do bones adapt to loading?

WOLFFS LAW

A

the trabechulae can respond and adapt. they are alligned along lines of principle stress

33
Q

What is the difference between spongy and compact bone?

A

spongy is lighter and found at the ends of bone (trabeculae)
compact is on the outside but vaires in thickness on the periphery of bone

34
Q

what is the bone composition and how do they affect the properties of bone?

A

67% inorganic which gives stiffness and ridgitiy

33% organic which gives flexibility

35
Q

types of bone classification

A

long short flat irregular sesmoid

36
Q

joint classification

A

fibrous joints permit little movement (skull sutures)
cartilaginous joints permit some movement as they have a layer of hyaline cartiladge
also secondary cartilaginous with layer of firbrocartilidge e.g. intervertebral disc
syonovial joint with synovial fluid and joint capusle

37
Q

describe a synovial joint

A

the ends of the bone are covered with aticular cartilage.
the joint cavity contains synovial fluid and reduces friction
encolosed by a joint capusule

38
Q

name types of synovial joints (6 alltogether)

A

gliding shoulder woth clavicle and scapular
hinge elbow, only allows one planar move
ball and socket shoulder, allows range of movement
ellipsoid wrist
saddle thumb to hand
pivot head to neck, allows rotation

39
Q 
Which of the following options secretes Synovial fluid?
Synovial membrane 
Synovial capsule
Synovial fingers
Synovial Cartilage
A

OPTION A

40
Q 
Which of the following statements is most true of short bones?
Found in the wrists and ankles
Provide strength and stability
Tend to be equal in width and length
All of the above
A

ALL OF THEM!

> long bone is longer than width hence the name hahaha

41
Q 
What is not a characteristic of a cartilaginous endoskeleton?
A bouyant
B avascular
C thin
D rigid 
E flexible
A

OPTION D

> avascular means that it is lack of blood vessels

42
Q

Which of the following joints permit the least amount of movement?
A Fibrous joint
B Cartilaginous joint
C syanovial joint

A

Fibrous joints consist of fibrous tissue, such as Collagen which joins the bones together and thus permits little to no movement.

Cartilaginous joints permit some movement.

Synovial joints permit movement due to the bones not being in contact with each other.

43
Q

What type of bone cell is described as being stellate? (arranged in a star pattern)
osteoblast
osteocyte
osteoclast

A

osteocyte

44
Q

Which of the following options is not a function of the Axial skeleton?
A To provide protection
B To act as a muscle attachment site
C To provide leverage for moving our limbs
D To provide support
E To protect my brain from a falling toaster

A

OPTION C

> as that option is for the appendicular (limb) skeleton!!)

45
Q

the three planes?

A

frontal/coronal
transverse/axial
medial/saggital

46
Q

~movement~

supnation and pronation

A

sup is going upwards

47
Q

~movement~

addution and abduction

A

abduction is away from medial plane as you flail your arms about in a kidnap

48
Q

~movement~

flexion and extension

A

angle decresases flexion

49
Q

~direction~

superior and inferior

A

> only for upper arms

50
Q

~direction~

anterior and posteria

A

also known as ventral and dorsal

51
Q

~direction~

proximal and distal

A

> only on limbs/ 2 points of the same area

52
Q

advantages of hollow tubes

A

they are structurally stronger than something solid of the same mass

53
Q

examples of hollow tubes in plants and animals

A

vascular bundles - xylem are dead hollow tubes

bone marrow - added strength despite the use of red and yellow marrow

54
Q

why are hollow tubes important

A

they provide efficient and effectvie support. Hollow is structurally stronger and more resilient to bending than a solid tube but it can sometimes be size limiting in plant such as in smaller dicotelydons
> also endoskelton is size limiting

55
Q

describe the hydrostatic skeleton

A

it is hydrostatic so a capusle of fluid is enclosed by 2 muscle layers and anchor by bristles. The circular muscles contract to narrow the body and the longitudinal muscle acts to shorten/lengthen the body
> as seen in peristalsis

56
Q

describe the exoskeleton and endoskeleton

A

strong and light, flexible at joints and often has chitin for protection but it can be size limiting and as it molts it makes organism vunerable
> as seen in athropods and molluscs

made up of cartildge and develops into bone. Light flexible and can resist tension

57
Q

what tissue is in the pith of a plant?

A

parenchyma -Pith with thin cell walls

collenchymaa - cortex with thicker walls for flexibility

58
Q

A concentric contraction is described as?
muscle gets shorter when it contracts, constant tension

muscle lengthens, constant tension

muscle contracts but stays the same length

A

OPTION A

59
Q

What does the term ‘digastric’ mean?
stationary or more fixed end of a muscle

when muscles cross more than one joint so contraction affects 2 joints.

two muscle bellies connected by a tendon

more moveable end of the muscle

none of the above

A

OPTION C

gastric = stomach but in this case this means the muscle belly

60
Q

Where is the endosteum?
In the epiphysis
Lining the medulla cavity
Around the outside of the bone

A

The endosteum is a thin vascular membrane of connective tissue that lines the boney tissue forming the medullary cavity.

1002 Structure and Function of Living Organisms (9 decks)

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