muscular + skeletal suppport systems Flashcards
functions of skeletal muscles
movement ,posture and heat generation
name the lever systems used in muscle action
1st class moving head up, changing directions 2nd class standing on tiptoes 3rd class moving loads quickly
where would you have muscles that are muscle-to- skin?
facial expression
-muscle contraction-
what is the difference between isotonic and isometric contraction?
isotonic is where you have constant tension but variable length
>concentric for shorten
> eccentric for lengthen
isometic is when you have constant length (METRIC)
-muscle contraction-
give an example of isometric contraction
when you abduct, the DELTOID muscle undergoes concentric and it is ALSO in isometic contraction too!
-muscle contraction-
which muscle is the prime mover in flexion of elbow
the bicep is the agonist/prime mover and the tricep is the antgoniser/controls the movement
what are the component of muscle
conctractile cells which form the muscle belly and are t the functional unit = muscle fibre
connective tissue which connects tendons and allows blood vessels to enter
why is it advantgeous to have many muscle fibres?
you can proudce alot of force with alot of muscle fibres but there is less range of movement
name the shapes of a muscle fibres can form
paralell, circular, convergent and pennate (feather)
somethig about tendons
myotendinous junction - most injury/ damage
osteotendinous junction
Which of the following options is not a primary function of skeletal muscles?
A to generate movement of the body
B To ensure food is pushed through the digestive system
C To generate heat by shivering
D To maintain posture
OPTION B
as that is a function of smooth muscle
Which of the following describes skeletal muscle?
Striated and involuntary
Non-striated and involuntary
Straited and voluntary
OPTION C
Which of these is an example of a saddle synovial joint? Elbow Wrist Thumb Shoulder
thumb! i knew that
Vascular bundles are surrounded by... A Parenchyma B Chlorenchyma C Schlerenchyma D Collenchyma
OPTION C
What bone type is the scapula? (THE SHOULDER BIT) Long Short Flat Sesamoid Irregular
flat
What type of contraction is it if the muscle has a constant length?
Concentric
Eccentric
Isometric
OPTION C
What is the function of a tendon?
Support bone cells
Transfer force of muscle pull to bone
Add thickness to muscles
OPTION B
Which component of bone, produces new bone (ossification)?
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
Osteoblasts
OSTEOBLASTS
> do bone deposition
The vertebrae are a form of which type of bone classification? short flat irregular sesmoid long
IRREGULAR
How many true rib pairs do we have? 2 3 5 6 7
7 true rib pairs
Which of the following statements describes a 2nd class lever system? Joint at one end, resistance in the middle and force at the other end
Joint in the middle with force at one end and resistance at the other
Joint at one end, force in the middle and resistance at the other end
OPTION A e.g tiptoes/trying to move whole body weight
Where is the site of red blood cell production?
Red bone marrow
Yellow bone marrow
Heart
red bone marrow
Which of the following statements describes a 1st class lever system? Joint at one end, resistance in the middle and force at the other end
Joint in the middle with force on one end and resistance at the other
Joint at one end, force in the middle and resistance at the other end
OPTION B moving head up / changing directions
How many pairs of ribs are there? 8 (4 true, 4 false) 10 (6 true, 4 false) 10 (5 true, 5 false) 12 (7 true, 5 false) 12 (8 true, 4 false)
7 AND 5
true - as it joins both to the back (vertebral collum) and front (sternum
false - joins only to back and 3 of them hitchhike by cartilidge, 2 of them are floating!
roughly how many bones and how is the skeletal system organised?
Human skellyton has 206 bones but we ~350
axial and appendicular skeleton
> skull, vetebral collum: cervical,thoracic(ribcage),lumbar,coccyx,
> upper and lower limbs for dexterity and SUPPORT
name some functions of the skeletal system
support agaisn gravity determines shape of bodies work as levers with muscles to facilitate joint movement mineral sotre for calcium and phosphates site of red+white blood celles
what is an osteoblast?
immature bone cell
located on the bone surfaces/ periosteum+ endosteum
they secrete bone matrix (help to build bone)
what is an osteoclast?
multinucleate cells derived from white blood cells (monocytes)
they secrete enzymes which remove and break down bone (bone RESORPTION
this is useful in the repair and growth of bone
what is osteocyte?
mature bone cell embedded in the bone
they can sense and detect the loading
star shaped/stellate
describe the anatomy of a long bone (limb)
epiphysis
diaphysis
metaphysis - growth plate
name the connective tissue layers within a bone
endosteum which lones the inner layer made of cellular connective tissue
periosteum which lines the outside of bone and is fibrous and vascular to heal bone
also medullary cavity which has yellow marrow and adipose tissue
how do bones adapt to loading?
WOLFFS LAW
the trabechulae can respond and adapt. they are alligned along lines of principle stress
What is the difference between spongy and compact bone?
spongy is lighter and found at the ends of bone (trabeculae)
compact is on the outside but vaires in thickness on the periphery of bone
what is the bone composition and how do they affect the properties of bone?
67% inorganic which gives stiffness and ridgitiy
33% organic which gives flexibility
types of bone classification
long short flat irregular sesmoid
joint classification
fibrous joints permit little movement (skull sutures)
cartilaginous joints permit some movement as they have a layer of hyaline cartiladge
also secondary cartilaginous with layer of firbrocartilidge e.g. intervertebral disc
syonovial joint with synovial fluid and joint capusle
describe a synovial joint
the ends of the bone are covered with aticular cartilage.
the joint cavity contains synovial fluid and reduces friction
encolosed by a joint capusule
name types of synovial joints (6 alltogether)
gliding shoulder woth clavicle and scapular
hinge elbow, only allows one planar move
ball and socket shoulder, allows range of movement
ellipsoid wrist
saddle thumb to hand
pivot head to neck, allows rotation
Which of the following options secretes Synovial fluid? Synovial membrane Synovial capsule Synovial fingers Synovial Cartilage
OPTION A
Which of the following statements is most true of short bones? Found in the wrists and ankles Provide strength and stability Tend to be equal in width and length All of the above
ALL OF THEM!
> long bone is longer than width hence the name hahaha
What is not a characteristic of a cartilaginous endoskeleton? A bouyant B avascular C thin D rigid E flexible
OPTION D
> avascular means that it is lack of blood vessels
Which of the following joints permit the least amount of movement?
A Fibrous joint
B Cartilaginous joint
C syanovial joint
Fibrous joints consist of fibrous tissue, such as Collagen which joins the bones together and thus permits little to no movement.
Cartilaginous joints permit some movement.
Synovial joints permit movement due to the bones not being in contact with each other.
What type of bone cell is described as being stellate? (arranged in a star pattern)
osteoblast
osteocyte
osteoclast
osteocyte
Which of the following options is not a function of the Axial skeleton?
A To provide protection
B To act as a muscle attachment site
C To provide leverage for moving our limbs
D To provide support
E To protect my brain from a falling toaster
OPTION C
> as that option is for the appendicular (limb) skeleton!!)
the three planes?
frontal/coronal
transverse/axial
medial/saggital
~movement~
supnation and pronation
sup is going upwards
~movement~
addution and abduction
abduction is away from medial plane as you flail your arms about in a kidnap
~movement~
flexion and extension
angle decresases flexion
~direction~
superior and inferior
> only for upper arms
~direction~
anterior and posteria
also known as ventral and dorsal
~direction~
proximal and distal
> only on limbs/ 2 points of the same area
advantages of hollow tubes
they are structurally stronger than something solid of the same mass
examples of hollow tubes in plants and animals
vascular bundles - xylem are dead hollow tubes
bone marrow - added strength despite the use of red and yellow marrow
why are hollow tubes important
they provide efficient and effectvie support. Hollow is structurally stronger and more resilient to bending than a solid tube but it can sometimes be size limiting in plant such as in smaller dicotelydons
> also endoskelton is size limiting
describe the hydrostatic skeleton
it is hydrostatic so a capusle of fluid is enclosed by 2 muscle layers and anchor by bristles. The circular muscles contract to narrow the body and the longitudinal muscle acts to shorten/lengthen the body
> as seen in peristalsis
describe the exoskeleton and endoskeleton
strong and light, flexible at joints and often has chitin for protection but it can be size limiting and as it molts it makes organism vunerable
> as seen in athropods and molluscs
made up of cartildge and develops into bone. Light flexible and can resist tension
what tissue is in the pith of a plant?
parenchyma -Pith with thin cell walls
collenchymaa - cortex with thicker walls for flexibility
A concentric contraction is described as?
muscle gets shorter when it contracts, constant tension
muscle lengthens, constant tension
muscle contracts but stays the same length
OPTION A
What does the term ‘digastric’ mean?
stationary or more fixed end of a muscle
when muscles cross more than one joint so contraction affects 2 joints.
two muscle bellies connected by a tendon
more moveable end of the muscle
none of the above
OPTION C
gastric = stomach but in this case this means the muscle belly
Where is the endosteum?
In the epiphysis
Lining the medulla cavity
Around the outside of the bone
The endosteum is a thin vascular membrane of connective tissue that lines the boney tissue forming the medullary cavity.
