im nervous Flashcards
Photoreceptors are cells that absorb light. The Rhabdomere line is the photoreceptive membranes derived from the cell body. Which of these is NOT an example of an animal that would be found of the Rhabdomere line? A Segmented worms B Flat worms C Snails D jellyfish
OPTION D PLEASE
jellyfish are found in the ciliary line. The photoreceptive part of the cell is derived from a modified cilium.
rhabdomere is for invertebrate systems but jellyfish are built different
What is the role in control of movement of the basal ganglia?
A planning of voluntary information
B enhance desired movements and inhibit unwanted movements
C Relays sensory information to cortex and motor information to Lower motor neurones
D Coordinating motor outputs
E Relays sensory information to cerebral cortex
OPTION B PLEASE
enhance desired movements and inhibit unwanted movements
a-cortex
c-brainstem
d-cerebellum
e-thalamus
Coelenterates (cnidaria+ctenophores) have a nerve net that is characterized by
A simple and with a controlling center that permits movement in the water
B complex and with a controlling center that permits movement in the water
C simple and with no controlling center that permits movement in the water
D Action potentials are unidirectional
E None of the above
OPTION C PLEASE
simple and with no controlling center that permits movement in the water
ACTION POTENTIASL ARE BI DIRECTIONAL! and no axon/dendrite polarity
Evolution of bilateral symmetry leads to cephalisation. Which of these is NOT a consequence of cephalisation?
A Increase in the number of nerve cells
B Concentration of nerve cells into ganglia; ganglia into brains, nerves into nerve cords.
C Development of functional speciality
D No localisation of specific functions in different parts of the nervous system
E development of a ventral nerve cord
OPTION D PLEASES
Cephalisation (head and brain development) DOES lead to localisation of specific functions in different parts of the nervous system
What is Not true regarding the free nerve endings of the skin ?
E Naked ending is responsible for pain and temperature
A Merkel’s endings sustained pressure - detailed mapping of texture and shape (slow adapting)
B Meissner’s ending sustained pressure - detailed mapping of texture and shape (slow adapting)
C Pacinian corpuscle is responsible for vibration
D Ruffini ending is responsible for shear stress
OPTION B PLEASE
Meissner’s ending touch – brief response, effective for transient contact (rapid adapting)
> merkel pronouned slooowly
Where are somata (cell bodies) found in sensory neurones? A central nervous system B dorsal root ganglia C lateral root ganglia D swann cell E axon terminal
OPTION B PLEASE
Somata (cell bodies) are found in the dorsal root ganglia of sensory neurones.
> key word SENSORY as that is ascending pathway
What is the central nervous system made of?
A cranial and spinal nerves
B brain and spinal cord
C organs (viscera)
OPTION B PLEASE
What is the term for the mapping of the body within the spinal cord?
somatotopy
> helps keep order of sensory systems in invertebrates so organisation of synpatic conections are more efficient
Echinoderms have a nervous system characterized by
A central and with a large ganglia complex
B radial and with a large ganglia complex
C radial and with no ganglia
D bilateral and ganglia
E segmented and segmental ganglia
OPTION C
radial and with no ganglia (modified net network)
Annelids have segmented nervous system and segmental ganglia that controls the individual segments.
Planarians have bilateral nervous system, with ganglia, brains and nerve cords.
What is the name of the tract that connects the cerebral hemispheres? A Corpus callosum B Corpus luteum C Corpus uteri D Corpus albicans
OPTION A PLEASE
Corpus callosum is white matter (tract is made up of myelinated axons)
Which of these is NOT a descending pathway? A Corticospinal tract B Extrapyramidal motor system C Dorsal column D Pyramidal tract
OPTION C PLEASE
Dorsal column is an ascending tract. Its involved in vibration, proprioception, fine touch
What is the front of the spinal chord defined by? A Grey commissure B Anterior white collumn C Anterior (ventral) median fissure D Lateral white collumn
OPTION C PLEASE
Anterior (ventral) median fissure
Which of these best describes the nervous system of coelenterates (eg: jellyfish)?
A Have complex nerve systems with a central nervous system
B Has a controlling centre with a simple nerve net
C Has a simple nerve net without a central nervous system
D Action potentials can be conducted in one direction only.
E They have radial symmetry.
OPTION C PLEASE
Has a simple nerve net without a central nervous system
THIS permits movement of the body and tentacles in water.
Which of these is NOT an example of white matter? A Myelinated axons B Internal capsule C Corpus callosum D dendrites
OPTION D
cell bodies and dendrites are GREY MATTER
what best defines exoreceptors?
A sensory endings that monitor interactions with the external environment
B sensory endings that monitor interactions with the internal environment
C These endings in the capsule and the supporting ligaments of joints give sensations of pain and discomfort when the joint is moved beyond its range of normal movement
D Receptors monitoring muscles and joints
E Receptors found on the exoskeleton
OPTION a
Name 3 parts of the cerebellum that evolved during transition of vertebrates onto land?
A Cerebrocerebellum
Vestibulocerebelllum
Neocerebellum
B Spinocerebellum
Vestibulocerebellum
Neocerebellum
C Spinocerebellum
Vestibulocerebellum
Paleocerebellum
OPTION B
Spinocerebellum: involved with raising body off the ground
Vestibulocerebellum: involved with balance
Neocerebellum: involved with motor coordination
which of these statements are false?
A cortex is involved in conveying sensory information to facilitate movement
B spinothalamic pathway is an ascending neuronal pathway
C stretch receptors are the sense organs for knee jerk reflex
D in knee jerk reflex, the extensor muscle contracts
E the flexor/crossed extensor reflex is polysynaptic
OPTION A PLEASE
the cortex is involved in planning of voluntary movements
> the thalamus conveys sensory information
parasympthathetic outflow from CNS is distributed through how many cranial nerves?
4 cranial nerves!
which of the following is NOT a physiological response controlled by Autonomic NS? A sweating B shivering C picking up food D iris constricting E heart rate increasing
OPTION C
Autonimic NS is for involuntary movement and picking up food is the only option here that isn’t that!
Which of the following brain regions is PRIMARILY involved in coordination of motor output? A brainstem B cerebellum C basal ganglia D cortex E thalamus
This is the cerebellum!! Helps with balance and forces of contractiion
> cereBellum Balance
What is the typanic membrane?
A Thin circular layer of tissue commonly known as the ear drum and vibrates as sound reaches it.
B Part of the cochlea that transmitts frequencies across the basilar membrane
C Part of the organ of Corti which causes hair cells to vibrate and transmit signals to the thalmus.
OPTION A
option C is the tectorial membrane
Molluscan nervous system: name the 4 types of ganglia in the brain of molluscs
Buccal - feeding Cerebral - coordination Pleural - respire Pedal - movement visceral - organ > molluscs non-segmented NS
What does the M-neurone do?
this is called the Mauthner neuron
- It receives sensory input (vibration etc) from the lateral line to generates unilateral muscle contraction
> In all bony fish, the M-neurone allows a rapid ‘startle response/rapid swimming.
Which organisms do not have nerve nets? A Echinoderms B Jellyfish C Coelenterates D Earthworms E Corals
OPTION D
Nerve nets are mesh work made up of neurons with cell bodies and processes and allow for slow and partly coordinated movement The action potential can be conducted bidirectionally and they have no controlling centre that permits the movement of tentacles in the water. Jellyfish have more complex nerve nets which allows for more coordinated movement, some synaptic connections are unipolar and they have some classical neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine, GABA and glutamate.
what is the difference between ascending and descending neuronal pathways
ascending - sensory/ from periphery to the brain
e.g dorsal collum pathway, spinothalamic
descending - motor/ from brain to perithery
e.g. corticospinal, extrapyramidial
true or false?
both excitatory and inhibtory neurotransmitters are released at nueromuscular junctions
FALSE
inhibtion occurs at the spinal cord with inhibititory relay neurons
which parts of the parasympathetic nervous system do the nerves connect to? cerebral thoracic lumbar sacrum
cerebral and sacrum!
> 4 cranial nerves conrolling head and eye muscles
what is the structure of a sympthatic ganglionic neuron?
short preganglion, long postganglion
> longer neuron from spinal cord to target organs
what are features of nerve nets?
bidirectional so NON POLAR
so no axon or dendrite
NO control centre
some use of monamine neurontransmitters e.g dopamine, adrenalin, serotonin
how does a jellyfish or more complex coelnatrate nerve nets differ?
they can do pulsing for spontaneous rhythmic activity (swimming)
> fast nerve net for swimming
> slow nerve net for feeding
decribe a radial nerve system
NO ganglia
limb movement due to neural ring
what process allows for the development of somatic and visceral nervous systems? cephalisation peristalsis contraction segementation differentiation
OPTION D
this allows segmented ganglia to form the nervous system and HIGHLY COORIDINATED movement
> both invertebrates and vertebrates
how many cranial nerves are there?
12 cranial nerves!
walking on land requires overall antagnositic movement (flex/extend). what areas of the brain is this controlled by?
spinal cord
cerebellum - balance
forebrain - cortex+ cerebellum
what muscles do the somatic nervous system and the autonmoic nerous system utilise?
autonomic - cardicac + skeletal // involuntary
somatic - skeletal // voluntary
what feature about the arteries that supply the brain measn that brain damage is dangerous
there are 3 cerebral arteries (anterior, middle, posterior) which merge from incoming vessels but the terminal branches DONT JOIN
> one blocked then= stroke
what arteries feed into the cerebral arteries
the internal carotid and vertebral arteirs both in the neack
> allows brain to use 20% of energy
if a region of cortex loses its oxygen supply this is known as
stroke
ischaemia
infraction
ischaemia
> infarction is of tissue dies, stroke is if the artery is blocked
what is the function of the ventricular system (cerebrospinal fluid)
cerebrospinal fluid prevents the brain from being COMPRESSED by its own weight and removes metabolites from interstitial fluid
which is the cicllary line
invertebrates or vertebrates
VERTEBRATES -their eye discs evolved from modiifed cillium
which depolarise?
invertebrates or vertebrates
INVERTEBRATES
> vertebrates hyperpolarise the light as they have rods and cones (mono and trichromaric)
in vertberate vsion, what happens at low light?
only rods are arive at lowm light so NO colour perception
what is the functional unit of ivetebrat eyes
omatidium - they encase photoreceptors 1-8 and rhabodmeres which increase the surface area
What are the two types of interneurons? Afferent/efferent Local/General Local/projection Local/global Somatic/peripheral
Local interneurons - short axons confined to one ganglion or nucleus, responsible for computation
Projection interneurons - long axons to connect ganglia and nuclei which may be far apart in the nervous system
Which is not a cerebral artery supplying the brain? Anterior Inferior Posterior Middle
inferior!
there Aare 3 cerebral arteries!
What are the two parts of the forebrain? A Basal ganglia and hypothalamus B Cortex and cerebellum C Basal ganglia and medulla D Cortex and basal ganglia
OPTION D
cortex is made up of 6 layers of grey matter. It has a computational function and a series of ridges called gyrus and grooves called sulcus.
> this makes up the telecephanlon!!!
In mammals three pathways evolve to connect the neocortex with the other parts of the CNS, which helps regulate walking on land. Which of these is not a pathway? Cortico-cerebellar pathway Cortico-basal pathway Corticospinal tract Corticostriate pathway
OPTION B
mammals have these more evolved descending motor pathwats than their amphibian counterparts
What is the membrane in the cochlea important in separating sounds into harmonics? Basilar membrane Laminar membrane Epithelia membrane Connective membrane Mucous membrane
OPTION A
high frequency sounds move a shorter distance than low frequency sound along the membrane.
When the basilar membrane moves up and down, hairs on the organ of corti depolarise to release glutamate and push the tectorial membrane converting the pressure wave into an electrical potential
what does grey matter consist of? Nuclei and myelin Nuclei and their cell bodies Cell bodies and their dendrites Myelin and dendrites Axons and cell bodies
OPTION C
myelin is what gives white matter its colour
what is special abour bee eye (invertebrate eye)
central rhabdomeres are highly ssenstive to UV light so are attracted to flowers!
what eyes do spiders have vermeciili ommatiium ocelli cicillary
ocelli eyes - simple eyes and smaller nut have LOTS to enable a wide range of view
how do insects hear?
they have tynapanic membrane in their legs or abdomen which is a thin layer of cuticle it vibrates and picked up by chordotonal organ
How is smell detected?
The binding of odour molecules causes the depolarisation of the cilia via sodium ions and action potential that passes past soma to the brain. .
The binding of odour molecules activates GPCR that stimulates Adenylyl cyclase. High cAMP in the cilia cause the opening of ion channels causing depolarisation and an action potential that passes past soma to the brain.
The binding of odour molecules stimulate calcium channels that stimulate Adenylyl cyclase. High cAMP in the cilia cause the opening of ion channels causing depolarisation and an action potential that passes past soma to the brain.
OPTION B
secondary messenger systmes use GPCR
> mammals have 1000 odour recepors and can smell 10,00 smells!
How are the signals produced from bitter, sweet and unami different from salt and acid?
Signals produced from the bitter, sweet and unami are caused by the G-coupled protein receptors while salt and acid are from channels for Na+ and H+ ions.
Signals produced from the bitter, sweet and unami are caused by Adenylyl cyclase receptors while salt and acid are from channels for Na+ and H+ ions.
Signals produced from the bitter, sweet and unami are caused by sodium potassium receptors while salt and acid are from channels for Na+ and H+ ions.
OPTION A
» salt Na, acid H+
> bittersweet, unami - gcoupled and neurotransmitter!!
what are pheromones
odours relaed by memebres of the opposite sex
>bees have large lobes and many glomrula to pick up these smells
what are mushroom bodies
they are snsory intergration centres where olfactory and tactile centrees are blocked together - cortex
what do exterorecptors and proprioreceptors respond to?
give examples of VERTEBRATE receptors
external environent stimuli - lots of sensory endings on the skin e.g hairs, pascinian, merkel + meissner and ruffinin
internal environment esp muscle, joint and postition
what do the alpha and gamma motor neurons control (skeletal muscle)
extrafusal fibres - mainly contract
intrafusal fibres - stretch, lenghten
> golgitenodn organs monitor stretch in TENDONS!
what exteroreceptors do invertebrates have?
they have mechanosensory hairs ‘‘trichoid sensillion’’
> important in flight movment as can detect air currents
how is electric field detection possible by some animals
due to the CONDUCTIVITY of sea water
> helos to detect prey and temeprature
