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1002 Structure and Function of Living Organisms > hormones > Flashcards

hormones Flashcards

1
Q

how do autocrine, paracrine and endocrine differ?

A

depends on the distanc they travel and where they act (self acting, nearby tissue or far away)

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2
Q

what is the main mechanism for hormone control (the very basis if homeostasis?)

A

negative feedbck loopsss (and some postive)

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3
Q

examples of peptide hormones? how do they act?

A

Parathyroid hormone, growth hormone, oxytocin, ADH

> secondary messenger, rapid but shorterm

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4
Q

examples of steroid hormones? how do they act?

A

Corsitol and sex hormones

nucleus receptor to affect ranscription so slow acting. Cholestrol derivative

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5
Q

how many hormones does posterior pituitary release? what are they?

A

The posterior pituitary releases only 2 hormones and they are oxytocin and ADH.
conncected to hypothalamus by nerve fibres

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6
Q

tyrosine residue hormones examples

A

T4 and t3 - steroid like behavior

(nor) adrenalin - peptide like behavior

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7
Q

Define tropic and non tropic hormone

FLAT PEG

A

tropic hormones exert effect on other endocrine glands - these glands cannot function without stimulation from anterior pituitary
non tropic hormones have a direct effect on tissues

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8
Q

What is the name of the disorder that causes enlarged hands, feet, tongue, lips?

A

acromegly - due to Growth hormone excess in ADULTHOOD

in children as the growth plates are open you get gigantism

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9
Q

Where will the optic chiasma be located with relation to the anterior pituitary?

A

Same side as the anterior pituitary

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10
Q

What is the effect of ADH on urine?

A

more ADH, the more concentrated urine as there more aquaporins, increased water reabsorption and therefore more concentrated urine

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11
Q

what is the relationship betwen growth hormone and glucose

A

acts to CONSERVE glucose for CNS
> blocks insulin action
>also protects agaisnt hypoglycaemia

so those with excess GH can be diabetic due to this anti insulin effect

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12
Q

actions of growth hormone

A

increased lipolysis, more protein synthesis (LEAN MUSCLE), and increased gluconeogeneis

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13
Q

how does Insulin-like-Growth Factor (IGF) work?

A

affects open growth plates to stimulate skeletal and soft tissue growth
when plates fuse this leads to IGF ceasing/ inabily to maintain lean muscle (somatopause)

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14
Q

how can you distingush between pituitary dwarfism and other types of dwarfism>

A

pituitary dwarfism has normal body proportions! as both the bone and soft tissue have slow growth

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15
Q

how to treat hypothyroidism

A

levythyroxin - artificial t4

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16
Q

fun fact about t3

A

more potent than t4 but less secreted

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17
Q

hyperthyroidisim characterized by … levels of hormone

and then thats vice versa for hypo

A

low TSH and TRH (brain) but high thyroxine levels

  • so clearly the negative feedback loop is working as you get low levels from the brain but the CAUSE of it is due to ‘mimicry antibodies’ so the t4/t3 levels stay high
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18
Q

If a patient has low T3 and T4 how will this affect there TSH levels?

A

thyroid stimulating hormone levels will be high (as well as TRH levels)

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19
Q

location of adrenal glands

A

sit above the kidney enclosed by fibrous capsule and fat with medulla and cortex

20
Q

adrenal medulla hormones

A

(nor)adrenaline which is a catelcholamine
but it is NOT under hormonal control!
»short term stress

21
Q

adrenal cortex hormones

A

> > long term stresses`
mineralcorticoid - zona glomerulosa.
glucocorticoid - zona fasciculata
androgens! - zona reticularis

22
Q

Which disease is caused by deficits in glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids that causes progressive weakness, weight loss, pigmentation to skin and muscosal membranes?

A

Addisons disease - automimmune and insufficient ADRENAL CORTEX hormones

23
Q

what steroid hormone does the Zona Fasciculata release?

A

Glucocorticoid (Cortisol)

24
Q

what are the effects of aldosterone?

A

mineralcorticoid : conserves body sodium,stimulate reabsorption of sodium and controls ECF volume
> regulated by renin-angiotensin system, not the hypothalamus!

25
Q

the effect that adrenal androgens release of testosterone have on women?

A

Responsible for growth of pubic and auxiliary hair (armpit) and sex drive (libido)

26
Q

does cortisol make you lose weight? why/why not..?

A

Cortisol causes an increase in appetite and therefore weight gain not weight loss.
this is to provide ENERGY for a response to stress

27
Q

types of stress (for cortisol release)

A

physical, mental, emotional, trauma, intense heat/cold, infections

28
Q

major cardiovascular effect of adrenaline?

A

increase in heartrate,strokelume, blood presssure. Vasodilate of skeletal muscle, vasoconstrict of nonessential tissue

29
Q

relationship betwen ACTH and melanin

A 
high ACTH (due to low levels of adrenal cortex hormones) can act on melanocytes to produce melanin!!
>> pigmentations of skin and gum as seen in Addisons disease
30
Q

without vitamin d

A

you cannot absorb calcium // cannot increase your stores of it from DIET
» increases the presence of of Ca transporters in the gut so more calcium is ABSORBED

31
Q

How does Calcitonin effect the levels of free plasma calcium?

A

Lowers the levels of free plasma calcium by inhibitin osteoclast activity and having more calcium be EXCRETED by kidneys
»tones it down

32
Q

What is the role of oxytocin?

A

controls milk release from lactating breasts and controls uterine contraction at onset of labour.

33
Q

What is primary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Autonomous secretion of PTH (continuous) resulting in hypercalcaemia. It may be heredity. It presents as bones, stones, abdominal groans and psychic moans.

34
Q

What is the name of the releasing hormone made in hypothalamus that stimulates FSH and LH secretion?

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

35
Q

The anterior or posterior pituitary is connected to the hypothalamus by nerves?

A

The posterior pituitary!

36
Q

How are the 2 lobes that make up the thyroid gland connected?

A

By an isthmus and receive a rich blood supply

37
Q

Thyroid gland/hormones are crucial for foetal growth. When are they developed?

A

They irid developed in week 12 of gestation and by week 22 is responsive to TSH

38
Q

Thyroid hormones do not float free in the blood, what do they bind to?

A

Albumin

Thyroxine binding globulin in plasma

39
Q

What are the symptoms of HYPERthyrodisim?

A 
Overproduction of thyroid hormones so increased metabolism, weightloss, Intolerence to heat, and increased heart rate
Eye bulges (exopthalamus) and swelling of thyroid (goitre)

Weight heart heat

40
Q

Where is thyroxyglobin synthesised?

A

Made in ER of follicular cells, packaged in glig and relaxes into lumen/colloid

41
Q

Where is thyroid hormens stored?

A

In the follicular cells of functional unit follicle after being chopped from the main thyroxyglobin molecule

42
Q

What shape is thyroid glands

A

Butterfly shape!

43
Q

what cells in the adrenal medulla secrete nor(adrenalin)

A

chromaffin cells (80%) adrenaline! whilst sympatheitc nervous system secretes most of noradrenline

44
Q 
which hormone is released in response to short term stress?
calcitonin
cortisol
adrenaline
aldosterone
noradrenaline
A

adrenline and noadrenaline!
> catelcholamnes respond to short term stresses and can act as neurotransmitters

cortisol is for long term stresses

45
Q

what is the shape of parathyrodi gland

A

4 litlle lentils on the posterior of thyroid gland! aaaww

46
Q 
what enzyme makes the active form of vitamin D
1- alpha hydroxylase
1-beta hydroxylase
1-alpha dehydrogenase
1-beta dehydrogenase
A

OPTION A

> enzyme expression increased in response to low calcium levels

47
Q

where is calcitonin produced?

A

by C-cells in the thyroid gland to lower calcium levels!

1002 Structure and Function of Living Organisms (9 decks)

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