kidney, urine and electroLIT balance

Question 1

Which of these statements accurately describes metabolic water?
A There is no difference between metabolic water and ingested water.
B Metabolic water is formed when organic food molecules are aerobically catabolized.
C Metabolic water is formed when inorganic food molecules are anaerobically catabolized.
D None of the above

Answer 1

OPTION B

Question 2

Which of the statements is true for Freshwater?
A Freshwater contains a very high concentration of solutes.
B Freshwater has a very high osmotic pressure.
C There is no difference between fresh water and seawater.
D Fresh water has a very low concentration of solutes compared to seawater.

Answer 2

OPTION D

Question 3

Q8. Which statement accurately describes the Proximal Tubule?
A The PT is the region on the nephron where maximum reabsorption takes place.
B The PT is responsible for water reabsorption.
C The PT is heavily involved in counter current multiplication.
D The main role of PT is maximum water reabsorption.

Answer 3

OPTION A
around 70-80 % of glomerular filtrate us slevtively reabsorbed here and goes back to blood
it has lots of microvilli to do this and special pumps, cotransporters and mitch!

> option d is descending limb of HEnle

Question 4

Which statement is true for the vasa recta?
A The vasa recta are specialized capillaries that are directly involved in blood pressure regulation.
B The vasa recta are specialized capillaries that are surround the heart.
C The vasa recta are specialized capillaries that surround the JMN and assist in maintaining a concentration gradient across the nephron.
D None of the above.

Answer 4

OPTION C

Question 5

where are oxytocin nd ADH prodcued

Answer 5

the posterior pituitaey

Question 6

The bladder is lined with……………epithelium

Answer 6

Transitional epithleium

Question 7

What is the difference between a stenohaline and euryhaline animal?

Answer 7

Stenohaline animals tolerate a narrow range of salt concentrations whereas Euryhaline animals tolerate a large range
> haline = SALT

Question 8

What type of regulators are freshwater fish?
hypoosmotic
isoosmotic
hyperosmotic

Answer 8

Hyperosmotic regulator. WHY? freshwater has a low level of sodium (0.35) and therefore all freshwater animals regulate their blood osmotic pressures at levels hyperosmotic to freshwater.

Question 9

average length of urethra in female and male
2-3cm and 16cm
4-5cm and 20cm
16cm and 2-3cm
20cm and 4-5cm

Answer 9

4-5cm and 20cm

Question 10

How are the cells of the small intestine and proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) similar?
A The cells of the small intestine and PCT contain and secrete digestive enzymes.
B The cells of the small intestine and PCT contain microvilli.
C They are both composed of simple cuboidal epithelium.
D They are both composed of simple columnar epithelium.

Answer 10

option B
villi are on the APICAL surface facing the lumen to increase the S.A

> villi on intesine are 1-layer simple columnar in intestine

Question 11

What type of regulation does a shrimp have?
A osmotic conformer
B iono conformer
C osmotic regulator
D iono regularot

Answer 11

osmoregualtor so maintain constant internal osmolarity regardless of environment.
> takes alot of energy to do this

Question 12

What type of connective tissues surrounds and protects the kidneys?

Answer 12

adipose tissue

Question 13

Which section of the kidney has no tight junctions and is therefore very permeable to water?

Answer 13

descending limb

Question 14

where are the kidneys located?

Answer 14

> located either side of the midline on the posterior wall of the abdomen
located between T12-L3 thoracic vertebrae ?>behind the parietal peritoneum

Question 15

The macula densa send chemical signals to the juxtaglomerulus cells when osmolarity of the intertubular fluid drops. Baroreceptors also sense the decrease in arterial blood pressure. Do these changes…
A stimulate Juxtaglomerulus cells to secrete renin
B stop juxtaglomerulus cells from secreting renin (inhibition)
C

Answer 15

stimulate Juxtaglomerulus cells to secrete renin

> juxtaglomerular and granular cells the same thing

Question 16

Which region of the nephron is impermeable to water?
A descending limb
B collecting sucts
C proximal tubule
D ascending limb
E glomerulus

Answer 16

ascending limb

Question 17

Which type of animal can tolerate the widest variance in water salinity? 
A Heterohaline
B Stenohaline
C Anthrohaline
D Euryhaline   
E Oligohaline

Answer 17

Euryhaline animals tolerate wide variances of salt concentration!
> Stenohaline animals tolerate only a narrow range of salt concentration.
> The rest don’t exist!

Question 18

are integuments and epithelia of marine fishes
A permeable to water
B poorly permeable to water

Answer 18

Integuments and epithelia of marine fish are poorly penetrable to water
> the seawater has higher osmolarity than the internal environment of the fish.
>Marine fish will drink water and absorb it via gut epithelia,
>high salt in seawater. low salt in marine fish so water will want to leech out (osmosis).
so impermeable integuments prevents water loss

Question 19

true or false: the hypothalamsus and pituitary are involved in porduction of aldosterone (mineralcorticoid)

Answer 19

fALSE¬
sympahtetic NS allows renin release External factors (change in [Salts]) stimulates RAAS (Renin angiotensin system), converting angiotensinI to angiotensinII. Angiotensin II stimulates the production of aldosterone.

Question 20

Where is the Bowman’s renal capsule and distal convoluted tubule located in the kidney?
A medulla
B cortex

Answer 20

cortex

Question 21

What is the definition of a conformer?

Answer 21

aquatic animals that have the osmolarity and ion composition of their interstitial fluids (water and ion balance) the same or nearly the same as surrounding water, even when the composition of the latter changes.
Conformers tend to have the same osmotic pressure as the external environment e.g. musccles

Question 22

Along the descending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle) ……………..is reabsorbed, while along the ascending limb………………is reabsorbed.

Answer 22

water in descending and salt in ascending

> > loop of Henle creates low water potential and high ion conetrated area to maximise water reabsorption

Question 23

naem an adapiation of a destert animal in relation to conserving water and eelctroylte balance

Answer 23

longer loop of henle

> makes sure urine is as concetrated as possible, conserving the water

Question 24

What is the effect of ADH on urine?
A More ADH, the more dilute urine
B More ADH, the more concentrated urine
C No effect on urine

Answer 24

B More ADH, the more concentrated urine

AS IT opens up antiporters so more water gets reabsorbed acting of CD and DCT

Question 25

Which is not a region of the male urethra?
Penile
Prostatic	
Membranous 	
Pelvic	
Pre-prostatic

Answer 25

pelvic is NOT a region

pre -> prost -> membrane -> penile

Question 26

Which two urine uniporters are present in the epithelium cells of the inner medulla of the collecting duct?
UT-A2 and UT-A3

UT-A1 and UT-A4

UT-A3 and UT-A4

UT-A1 and UT-A3

UT-A1 and UT-A2

Answer 26

These transporters facilitate passive diffusion of urea from LUMEN to interstitial fluid.
(ADH) upregulates the expression of UT-A1 and UT-A3 to help facilitate the movement of urea and encourage water reabsorption.

UT-A2 is expressed in the the loop of Henle and transports urea from the interstitial fluid into the LUMEN.

Question 27

what 3 cells are present in the glomerulus to enable ultrafiltration

Answer 27

capiilary endothelium
basement membrane
bowmans capsule epithelium // podocyres
» large molecules and proteins cannot pass so at the efferent arteriole there is low blood waterpotential so water reabsorbs

Question 28

what is renal clearance

Answer 28

how quickly a susbtance is removed from plasma and extrected by the kidney in urine
high clearance = quick removal!

Question 29

waht muscle contracts to relaes urine

Answer 29

detrouser muscle! hahaah