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1002 Structure and Function of Living Organisms > digestion (with epithelia) > Flashcards

digestion (with epithelia) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of chief cells?

A

make pepsin in the inactive form pepsinogen to digest proteins!

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2
Q

functions of saliva?

A

digestion, lubrication, buffering noxious substances, cleansing oral cavity

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3
Q 
What type of epithelium lines the oesophagus?
A simple collumnar
B s.s non keratined
C simple columnar
D pseudostratified
A

Stratified Squamous non-Keratinised Epithelium

protects from hot/abrasive foods

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4
Q

where would Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium be found?

A

found in the trachea and upper respiratory tract
> one layer close to blood vessels
> may have ciilia to waft mucous to larynx

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5
Q

where would Stratified Squamous Keratinised Epithelium be found?

A

found in the Filiformof the tongue to rub food into small pieces and the Masticatory Mucosa of the gums and hard palate

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6
Q

the function of sensory cells in taste buds?

A

attach to nerves and trigger signals in axons

> found inside fungiform papille

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7
Q 
what type of bone cell eats away at the roots of baby teeth?
osteoblast
osetoclast
osteocyte
fibroblast
chondrocyte
A

osteoclasts

WHY? adult teeth push on baby teeth and activate the osteoclasts allowing adult teeth to grow out

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8
Q 
what muscle is the oesophogus made of?
A skeletal
B cardiac
C smooth
D keratinied
E collumnar
A

skeletal and smooth transitionalas we move from voluntary (swallow) to involuntary control

Also seen in rectum/anus in the 2 sphincters

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9
Q

what controls contraction of muscularis mucosae?
A meissner plexus
B auberach plexus

A

meissners plexus

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10
Q

what type of epithelium is the masticatory mucosa?

A

stratified squamous keratinised epithelium

> found on gums and hard pallate

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11
Q 
what type of epithelium is found in the ordinary lining mucosa? (ORAL MUCOSA)
A simple collumnar
B s.s non keratined
C simple cuboidal
D pseudostratified
A

stratified squamous non keratinised epithelium but can BECOME keratinised on cheeks with chewing
> found anywhaere where masticatory isnt (gums and hard palate)

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12
Q 
which papillae of the tongue are pointy, rough and abrasive
A foramen
B vallate
C filliform
D fungiform
A

filiform papillae used to press food agaisnt pallate

> made of s.s. kerat

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13
Q 
which area(s) can you find ordinary lining mucosa?
A gums
B soft palate
C lips
D anterior 2/3 tongue
E posterior 2/3 tongue
A

soft palate and lips

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14
Q

Where is the sublingual major salivary gland located and what does type of secretion does it have?

A

Under tongue, mucous secretion

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15
Q

what controls the contraction of muscularis externa?
A meissner plexus
B auberach plexus

A

auerbachs plexus

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16
Q

Which epithelium cells are rounded, can slide across one another to allow stretching and are found in the bladder?

A

Transitional

Transitional epithelium transitions between collapsed and stretched when bladder empties and fills

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17
Q

where would simple epithelium be found vs. stratified (generally)

A

found on INSIDE as its thin and fragile but useful where diffusion is needed - absorption, diffusion.
stratified found on OUTSIDE where its exposed to chemical/mechanical stresses

18
Q 
What salivary glands secrete continuously
A submandibular
B minor 
C paratoid
D sublingual
A

Minor salivary glands to keep the oral cavity moist!

> the others secreteON DEMAND

19
Q

what are mesentries?

A

balls of visceral peritoneum that surround the intestine and help with regualr intestine folding
attatch other organs to the posterior wall of abdomen

> abdominal cavity lined with parietal peritoneum

20
Q

what type of muscle is the tongue?
smooth
skeletal
cardiac

A

skeletal! as its under voluntary control!!

> intrinsic muscle extend and curve / extrinsic muscle makes it mobile

21
Q 
which part(s) of the large intestine have mesentries?
Aascending
trasnverse
descending
sigamoid colon
A

transverse and sigamoid have mesentries

> other don’t as they are ttatched to the rear abdominal wall

22
Q

where is specialised oral mucosa found?

A

anterior 2/3 of tongue covered in ligual papille

23
Q 
which salivary gland has seromucous salivia
A paratoid
B submandibular
C sublingual 
D minor
A

submadnibular as its a shorter duct

24
Q

true or false?

the gut has its own intrinsic nervous system?

A

TRUE
this allows peristaltic control of the gut (enteric nervous system)
> plexus are branching network of nerves!

25
Q

what does the stomach produce thats needed for vitamin b12 absoprtion

A

intrinsic factors!

26
Q

true or false?

the small intestine is controlled by peristaslis only

A

FALSE
there is also segmentation + peristaslsis = intermitant churning
> controlled by myenteric/auerbach plexus nerve

27
Q

why do we feel the need to poo?

A

as the rectum expands, the wall streches - stretch receptors

28
Q

what is a disadvantage of ruminant digestion

A

> needs lots of water to chew and ruminate

> and lots of gas produced = warming

29
Q 
what can hydrochloric acid release be stimutaled by?
Ghrelin, leptin and histamine
Gastrin, insulin and histamine	
Ghrelin, insulin and histamine
Gastrin, CCK and histamine
Gastrin, acetylcholine and histamine
A

OPTION E

gastrin (from g cells), acetylcholine and histimine!

30
Q

what sphichters are involved in the stomach?

A

cardia - slight control over

pylouric - autonomic control

31
Q

which sphincter in anal canal is invlunatary?

internal or external?`

A

internal involuntary - relazes when pressure is high and made of SMOOTH MUSCLE
> external sphinchter is skeleltal muscle

32
Q 
Which of these is NOT a satiety signal?
Insulin
Glucagon-like-peptide-1.
CCK.	
Ghrelin.
Peptide YY (PYY).
A

Ghrelin is a hunger signal!. It is the only hormone released by the GI tract that works to INCREASE hunger.

> CCK is secreted in response to eating. It REDUCES appetite and inhibits eating (makes us feel full by acting on the hypothalamus).
GLP-1 and PeptideYY is released from the intestine in response to food injested, acts back in the brain to suppress eating. - ileal brake
insulin supress appetite

33
Q

During the gastric phase, what does the neural negative feedback cause?
As the stretch receptors and chemoreceptors send impulses via the submucosal complex to stimulate peristalsis, food moves along. As food moves further away, the stimulus increases as distension lessens.

As the stretch receptors and chemoreceptors send impulses via the submucosal complex to stimulate peristalsis, food moves along. As food moves further away, the stimulus lessens as distension lessens.

As the stretch receptors ad chemoreceptors send impulses via the submucosal complex to stimulate peristalsis, food moves along. As food moves further away, the stimulus increases as distension increases

A

OPTION B
Distension and stimulus are proportional. As the distension is stimulating the stretch receptors and chemoreceptors, so when it decreases, the stimulus will also decrease.

as stomach swells, the FEEDBACK is to inhibit appetite = feel full

34
Q

In the inhibitory part of the intestinal phase of gastric secretion, which hormones are secreted by G-cells lead to inhibited gastric secretion and inhibited gastric peristalsis and emptying?

A

Secretion of (CCK), gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) and secretin from enteroendocrine (G) cells.

caused by:

  • Detection of chyme in the duodenum by stretch receptors (detect distension).
  • Detection of chyme in the duodenum by chemoreceptors (detect fatty acids and glucose).
35
Q 
what controls short term appetite
GIP, CCK, leptin
GLP-1, CCK, peptideYY
GIP, CCK, secretin
GLP-1, CCK, ghrelin
A

OPTION B
these act on the ‘ilealbrake’ to slow gastric emptying and supress appetite (satiety signal)

c- these inhibit gastric emptying

36
Q

What is the job of Rugae in stomach?
Allow stomach to stretch without bursting
Increase surface area of stomach
reduction of solid food to semi solid chyme
absorption

A

OPTION A

37
Q

name the 4 stomachs in ruminant animals

A

rumen - rumination, chewing, rechewing
recticulum - sort out particles
omasum - water + VFA absorb, regulate entry into abomasum
abomasum - true stomach`
recticulo-rumen - fermentation chamber, anaerobic

38
Q

what is GIP

A

GIP is gastric inhibitory peptide, relaed by enteroendocrine cells in small intestine to inhibit gastric emptying/secretion as a protrctive mechanism

39
Q

what cell secretes inctrinsic factor and Hcl?

A

parietal cells in the stomach do this!

intrinsic facotr needed for VB12 absorption

40
Q

in ruminant organisms, there is an oesophagal groove. where is this and what it do?

A

in abomasum

it allows milk to pass straight to abomasum and AVOID FERMENTATION in neonatals when suckling

1002 Structure and Function of Living Organisms (9 decks)

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