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Undeleted > Muscoskeletal Development > Flashcards

Muscoskeletal Development Flashcards

1
Q

each sclerotome segment has a less dense portion ___ and a dense portion ___

A

cranially

caudally

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1
Q

skeletal muscle is derived from ___

cardiac muscle is derived from ___

smooth muscle is derived from ___

A

paraxial mesoderm

intraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm

intraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm

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1
Q

mesenchyme will differentiate as ___ in digits due to AER induction to fully separate the digits

A

hyaline cartilage

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3
Q

what bones are formed by endochondral ossification?

A

most bones (limbs & base of skull)

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4
Q

what forms digits in AER?

A

apoptosis

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4
Q

by end of 6t week, mesenchyme is condensing to form these outlines of future digits with webbed appearance

A

digital rays

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5
Q

thoracic & sacral are ______.

cervical & lumbar are ____.

A

primary curvatures (develop during fetal period)

secondary curvatures (develop after birth- told hold head up, and to walk)

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6
Q

separates the paraxial mesoderm from lateral plate somatic mesoderm

A

lateral somitic fronteir

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7
Q

premature closure of suture (s)

A

craniosynostosis

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7
Q

at week 12, what is present in all long bones?

A

ossification centers

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8
Q

Identify 1-3.

A
  1. anterior fontanelle
  2. posterior fontanelle
  3. sphenoid fontanelle
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8
Q

somites differentiate into __, ___, & ___

A

sclerotome

myotome

dermatome

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9
Q

what bones are formed by intramembranous ossification?

A

facial bones & some flat bones of skull

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9
Q

Identify 1-2.

A
  1. ectodermal lining
  2. mesenchyme
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10
Q

when does sphincter muscle of iris constrict?

when does dilater open?

A

bright light, when you dislike person

in response to sympathetic NS

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10
Q

all development is usually in what direction?

A

cranial to caudal

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11
Q

difference between endochondral & intramembranous ossification?

A

no cartilage model 1st in intramembranous ossification

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11
Q

Each myotome divides into ___ & ____

A

epaxial group (dorsal)

hypaxial group (ventral)

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12
Q

in what direction does the limb grow?

A

proximally to distally

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14
Q

Identify.

A

sclerotome

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15
Q

in 6th week, condensed mesenchyme appears at ___

A

joint interzones

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15
Q

forms all of axial skeleton except for sternum and a portion of the skull

A

paraxial mesoderm (sclerotome)

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16
Q

what forms the connective tissue of the limb (cartilage, bone, dermis, blood vessels)

A

mesenchyme

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17
Q

Identify 1-4.

A
  1. neural tube
  2. scleratome
  3. dermatome
  4. myotome
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17
Q

which limbs appear 1st?

A

upper limbs

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17
Q

absence of entire limb

A

amelia

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19
Q

Identify.

A

annulus fibrosis of intervertebral disc

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20
Q

smooth muscle is derived from ___

A

ectoderm

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21
Q

the inferior 2/3 of ___ & the superior 1/3 of ___ form the C5 vertebrae.

A

C5

C6

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21
Q

the upper limb rotates 90 degrees ___

the lower limb rotates 90 degrees ____

A

laterally

medially

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22
Q

some of dense portion of sclerotome forms annulus fibrosis, remaingin dense portion fuses with less dense portion to form vertebral body

A

resegmentation

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22
Q

Identify.

A

lateral somitic fronteir

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23
Q

some ventrolateral myoblasts will migrate across fronteir into lateral plate somatic mesoderm to form ____

A

skeletal muscle of limb

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24
Q

which muscles of eye are derived from neuroectoderm?

A

sphincter pupillae & dilator pupillae of the iris

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25
Q

when do limb buds emerge?

A

end of wk 4

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27
Q

3 types of joints?`

A

fibrous

cartilaginous

synovial

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27
Q

grow out as lateral extensions of costal processes developing from thoracic vertebrae, & wrap around anteriorly

A

ribs

29
Q

Identify.

A

sternal bands

30
Q

extra digits

A

polydactyly

31
Q

in what direction do somites form?

A

cranially to caudally

31
Q

each spinal nerve divides into a ___ & ____

A

dorsal primary ramus

ventral primary ramus

33
Q

Identify.

A

paraxial mesoderm

34
Q

Identify 1-4.

A

1- Cervical

2- Thoracic

3- Lumbar

4- Sacral

35
Q

bones of face, portion of neurocranium, and hyoid bone are formed from ___

A

neural crest cells

36
Q

What are these bones derived from?

What type of ossification occurs?

A

neural crest cells

intramembranous ossification

37
Q

innervated by ventral primary rami

A

hypaxial muscles

38
Q

The viscerocranium is mostly formed from neural crest of which arches?

A

1st 2 pharyngeal arches

40
Q

joint interzone gives rise to…

A

ligaments, synovial membrane, menisci

42
Q

At which vertebral level is there a spinal nerve, but no vertebral body?

A

C8

43
Q

when does limb rotation occur?

A

week 7

44
Q

at birth, what is status of limb ossification?

A

diaphysis completely ossified, epiphysis still cartilagenous

44
Q

absence of part of a limb

A

meromelia

45
Q

Identify.

A

digital ray

47
Q

premature closure of sagittal suture

A

scaphocephaly

48
Q

enlarged membranous spaces where 2+ bones meet

A

fontanelles

50
Q

when does endochondral ossification of limb bones occur?

A

at end of 8th week

51
Q

what areas of long bone ossify after birth?

A

epiphysis

52
Q

pectoral & pelvic girdles, limb bones, sternum all formed from _____

A

lateral plate mesoderm

53
Q

Identify 1-3.

A
  1. dorsomedial muscle cells
  2. dermatome
  3. ventrolateral muscle cells
55
Q

bone-forming tissue comes from ___ & ___

A

paraxial mesoderm & neural crest

56
Q

fewer digits

A

syndactyly

58
Q

myoepithelial cells of mammary, salivary, & sweat glands are derived from ___

A

surface ectoderm

60
Q

vertebral columb ribs, portion of neurocranium is formed from _____

A

paraxial mesoderm

61
Q

Identify 1-3.

A
  1. Costal process
  2. Rib
  3. Costovertebral joint (a synovial joint)
62
Q

paraxial mesoderm condenses to form cube-like segments called ___

A

somites

63
Q

innervated by dorsal primary rami

A

epaxial muscles

64
Q

fibrous joints uniting the flat bones of the skull

A

sutures

65
Q

dermatome forms ___

myotome forms ____

sclerotome forms ___

A

dermis of back

skeletal muscle

vertebrae, ribs, portion of neurocranium

66
Q

Blue areas are derived from ____.

Orange areas are derived from ___.

A

neural crest

paraxial mesoderm

67
Q

Identify 1-2.

A
  1. Progress zone
  2. AER
69
Q

induced to form by ribs at ventral midline from lateral plate somatic mesoderm

A

sternum

71
Q

what forms where costal process meets vertebra?

A

synovial joint

72
Q

sends signaling factors to nearby mesenchyme during elongation of limbs

A

AER- apical ectodermal ridge

73
Q

where are sclerotome cells found?

A

surrounding neural tube & notochord

74
Q

what do somites give rise to?

A

most of axial skeleton & associated musculature & overlying dermis of back

75
Q

the differences in location of extensor & flexor muscle compartments when comparing the upper limb and the lower limb can be explained by this event

A

limb rotation

76
Q

Identify.

A

joint interzone

76
Q

when do 2 sternal bars fuse cranially to caudally?

A

10th week

77
Q

above C7, spinal nerves…

below C7, spinal nerves…

A

come out ABOVE vertebral body

comt out BELOW vertebral body

79
Q

area that keeps cells undifferentiated and rapidly dividing to form more limb tissue

A

progress zone

80
Q

made up of vertebrae, intervertebral discs, ribs, sternum, and skull

A

axial skeleton

81
Q

What are these bones derived from?

What type of ossification occurs?

A

both paraxial mesoderm & neural crest

intramembranous & endochondral ossification

82
Q

made up of pectoral & pelvic girdles and limb bones

A

apendicular skeleton

83
Q

what forms the tissue that unites the bones of a joint?

A

mesenchyme

84
Q

this area of skull forms via endochondral ossification. It is base of skull.

A

chondrocranium

85
Q

premature closure of coronal suture

A

brachycephaly

86
Q

skeletal muscle forms from ___

A

paraxial mesoderm

87
Q

by end of what week is a complete set of cartilage model formed?

A

8th wk

89
Q

limb bud has a core of ___ lined by ___

A

mesenchyme

surface ectoderm

90
Q

when are digits fully separated?

A

by end of 8th week

91
Q

Identify.

A

somites

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