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Undeleted > Muscle > Flashcards

Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

muscle contraction goes from __ to ___ to ___ through the 3 sheath layers

A

epimysium

perimysium

endomysium

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2
Q

Identify tissue type.

A

skeletal muscle.

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3
Q

Identify structures.

A

intercalated discs

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3
Q

condition caused by leaky cell membranes that allow Ca out into cytoplasm and formation of actin-myosin cross bridge, but no ATP is present to release the contraction

A

rigor mortis

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4
Q

muscle under involuntary control, weak & slow contractions, nonstriated, uninucleated/fusiform cells

A

smooth muscle

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5
Q

Identify the tissue type in cross section here.

A

cardiac muscle

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5
Q

runs from 1 Z disc to the next

A

sarcomere

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5
Q

links actin filaments in an intercalated disc

A

fascia adherens

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6
Q

final trigger for muscle contraction

A

Ca ions

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6
Q

what type of channels open to generate an action potential down T tubules

A

voltage-gated Na channels (Na comes back in)

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6
Q

a nerve cell and all of the muscle cells that it innervates make up a ___

A

motor unit

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7
Q

functional unit of muscle

A

sarcomere

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8
Q

bundle of contractile, regulatory proteins organized into a regular pattern

A

myofibril

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8
Q

Identify layers 1-2.

A
  1. outer longitudinal layer
  2. inner circular layer

(smooth muscle- ileum here)

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9
Q

indentations of plasma membrane in skeletal muscle where action potential is transmitted

(near where A band and I band come together)

A

T tubules

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10
Q

allow intracellular communication/ion flow in intercalated discs

A

gap junctions

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11
Q

band where only actin is found

A

I band

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12
Q

Identify 1-8.

A
  1. Z disc
  2. myosin
  3. actin
  4. M line
  5. 1/2 I band
  6. A band
  7. sarcomere
  8. H band
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12
Q

what happens to thin and thick filament size with contraction?

A

stays the same size

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12
Q

Identify 1-3.

A
  1. gap junction
  2. desmosome
  3. fascia adherens
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13
Q

what does all-or-none contraction mean?

A

if a signal comes down motor neuron, either all muscle cells attached to that neuron contract or none of them will.

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14
Q

ability of muscle cell to respond to stimuli by producing electrical signals, conduct action potential

A

excitability

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15
Q

Identify 1-5.

A
  1. Z disc
  2. H zone
  3. I band
  4. A band
  5. M line
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16
Q

thick myofilament that occupies entire length of A band

A

myosin

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18
Q

ability of muscle cell to return to original length after being shortened or stretched

A

elasticity

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19
Q

these fibers have many mitochondria, lots of myoglobin & glycogen, use both oxidative metabolism & anaerobic glycolysis for E, adapted for rapid contractions and short bursts of activity

A

Type 2a- fast, intermediate oxidative-glycolytic

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20
Q

how is cross-bridge released?

A

ATP comes in and binds myosin

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21
Q

according to this, contraction occurs because globular heads on myosin attach to actin and slowly walk along actin fibers to produce tension. Actin is pulled to center of sarcomere and shortening of muscle occurs.

A

Sliding Filament Hypothesis

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21
Q

cardiac muscle diad is composed of…

A

a T tubule & 1 terminal cisterna

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23
Q

type of muscle under involuntary control, striated uninucleated cells with a centrally located nucleus- elongated and branches cells with intercalated discs

A

cardiac muscle

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24
Q

at the H zone, only ___ of myofilaments are found, no ___.

A

tails, no globular heads

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25
Q

Identify tissue type.

A

skeletal muscle

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26
Q

what happens to the following when contraction occurs?

A band

I band

H zone

Z discs

A

A band- stays same size

I band- gets smaller, disappears

H zone- gets smaller, disappears

Z discs- pulled closer together

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27
Q

smooth ER in muscle cell

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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27
Q

plasma membrane in muscle cell

A

sarcolemma

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28
Q

Identify tissue type.

A

skeletal muscle

28
Q

what causes release of Ca ions from sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

action potential across sarcolemma

29
Q

thin myofilament that has 1 end attached to Z disc, and other end extending into A band. It is the only filament present in the I band.

A

actin

30
Q

a triad is composed of…

A

1 T tubule and 2 terminal cisterna

31
Q

Identify.

A

Triad (1 T tubule & 2 terminal cisternae)

33
Q

bisects the I band

A

Z disc

33
Q

actin & myosin criss cross to form a latice in these cells

A

smooth muscle

34
Q

Identify 1-2.

A
  1. terminal cisternae
  2. T tubule
36
Q

why is smooth muscle non-striated?

A

actin/myosin line up differently

37
Q

Identify the tissue type.

A

smooth muscle

39
Q

these fibers have many mitochondria, lots of myoglobin, derive E primarily from aerobic oxidative phosphorylation of fatty acids, adapted for slow, continuous contractions

A

Type 1- slow, red oxidative

41
Q

Identify the tissue type in cross-section here.

A

skeletal muscle

42
Q

type of junctions found at intercalated discs?

A

gap junctions & adhesions junctions

43
Q

in smooth muscle, outer layer is ___ & inner layer is ___

A

longitudinal

circular

44
Q

how does muscle contraction occur once Ca ions flood the cell?

A

Ca ions bind troponin (at TNC subunit). troponin changes shape so actin binding sites are exposed.

myosin/actin form cross bridge and contraction happens

45
Q

these fibers have fewer mitochondria and myoglobin but lots of glycogen, derive E from anaerobic glycolysis, adapted for rapid contractions but fatigue fast

A

type 2b- fast, white glycolytic

46
Q

where is binding site for myosin located?

A

on each G actin

46
Q

enlarged sarcoplasm at A band/I band junction

A

terminal cisternae

47
Q

shape of smooth muscle cell?

A

tapers at both ends

49
Q

sarcomere is composed of…

A

1/2 I band, all of A band, 1/2 of another I band

50
Q

portion of A band where only myosin is present

A

H zone

51
Q

in skeletal muscle contraction, Ca acts as intracellular messenger and causes synaptic vesicles of ___ to be released

A

acetylcholine

53
Q

Identify the tissue type.

A

smooth muscle

54
Q

ability of muscle cell to generate force/tension when adequately stimulated

A

contractility

54
Q

Identify tissue type.

A

cardiac muscle.

55
Q

where is nucleus found in skeletal muscle cell?

A

right underneath the plasma membrane

56
Q

links intermediate filaments in an intercalated disc

A

desmosome

57
Q

Because more Na ions are let out than K ions come in, ___ occurs to create end plate potential

A

slight depolarization

59
Q

Identify 1-5.

A
  1. I band (actin only)
  2. H zone (myosin only)
  3. M line
  4. A band
  5. Z disc
60
Q

ability of muscle cell to be stretched without damage

A

extensibility

61
Q

dark bands on a muscle cell are the ___

light bands on a muscle cell are the ___

A

A bands

I bands

62
Q

what happens as ATP is split into ADP and P during muscle contraction?

A

cocking of the myosin head into high E configuration (waiting for actin to bind)

64
Q

Because actin from either side may actually overlap with each other when contraction occurs, the ___ disappears.

A

H zone

66
Q

what are the 3 subunits of troponin and what do they bind?

A

TNT- tropomyosin

TNC- Ca

TNI- inhibits actin/myosin interaction

67
Q

thin filaments = ___ actin

polymerized thin filaments form __ actin

A

G

F

68
Q

binding of acetylcholine to neuromuscular junction causes ___ ions to flow out and ___ ions to flow in

A

K

Na

69
Q

Identify 1-3.

A
  1. Epimysium
  2. Endomysium
  3. Perimysium
70
Q

cytoplasm in muscle cell

A

sarcoplasm

72
Q

Identify tissue type.

A

smooth muscle

73
Q

muscle cell

A

myofiber

74
Q

when the myosin head pivots and bends as it pulls on the actin filament, sliding it toward the M line

A

working stroke

75
Q

3 types of skeletal muscle fibers in humans?

A

Type 1- slow, red oxidative

Type 2a- fast, intermediate oxidative-glycolytic

Type 2b- fast, white glycolytic

76
Q

Identify the tissue type in cross-section here.

A

skeletal muscle

77
Q

shape of contracted smooth muscle cell

A

corkscrew

79
Q

3 types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal cardiac smooth

80
Q

long, thin regulatory protein that twists around between the 2 twisted strands of G actin

A

tropomyosin

81
Q

Identify the tissue type

A

cardiac muscle

82
Q

type of muscle that is under voluntary control, is striated, and has large elongated multinucleated cells with oval nuclei

A

skeletal muscle

84
Q

regulatory complex of 3 subunits that is located at regular intervals along each tropomyosin molecule

A

troponin

85
Q

bisects middle of H zone, binds 1 myofilament to next one

A

M line

86
Q

After action potential ends, what happens to Ca ions?

A

they are removed by active transport back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

87
Q

how many T tubules are present in each sarcomere?

A

2

88
Q

Identify tissue type.

A

cardiac muscle

89
Q

3 layers of connective tissue sheath associated with skeletal muscle?

A

endomysium (around each myofiber)

perimysium (makes fasicles)

epimusium (around fasicles)

Undeleted (13 decks)

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