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Year 2 - T3 Theme 2 > Muscles of the upper limb > Flashcards

Muscles of the upper limb Flashcards

1
Q

Pectoralis major - insertion

A
  • The distal attachment of both heads is into the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus.
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2
Q

Pec major - origin

A

Clavicular head – originates from the anterior surface of the medial clavicle.
Sternocostal head – originates from the anterior surface of the sternum, the superior six costal cartilages and the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle.

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3
Q

Pec major - function

A

Adducts and medially rotates the upper limb, and draws the scapula anteroinferiorly. The clavicular head also acts individually to flex the upper limb.

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4
Q

Innervation of pec major

A
  • Lateral and medial pectoral nerves
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5
Q

Pec minor - insertion

A
  • Coracoid process of the scapula
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6
Q

Pec minor - origin

A
  • 3rd-5th ribs
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7
Q

Pec minor - function

A

Stabilised the scapula by drawing it anteroinferiorly against the thoracic wall

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8
Q

Pec minor - innervation

A
  • Medial pectoral nerve
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9
Q

Serratus anterior - insertion

A

They attach to the costal (rib facing) surface of the medial border of the scapula.

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10
Q

Serratus anterior - origin

A

The muscle consists of several strips, which originate from the lateral aspects of ribs 1-8

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11
Q

Serratus anterior - function

A

Rotates the scapula, allowing the arm to be raised over 90 degrees. It also holds the scapula against the ribcage.

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12
Q

What are the rotator cuff muscles

A

The rotator cuff muscles are a group of four muscles that originate from the scapula and attach to the humeral head

The rotator cuff muscles are supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapsularis and teres minor

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13
Q

Supraspinatus - origin

A
  • Originates from the supraspinous fossa of the scapula
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14
Q

Supraspinatus - insertion

A
  • Attaches to the greater tubercle of the humerus
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15
Q

Supraspinatus - innervation

A
  • Suprascapular nerve
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16
Q

Supraspinatus - action

A
  • Abducts the arm 0-15 degrees, and assists deltoid for 15-90 degrees
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17
Q

Infraspinatus - origin

A
  • Originates from the infraspinous fossa of the scapula
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18
Q

Infraspinatus - insertion

A
  • Attaches to the greater tubercle of the humerus
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19
Q

Infraspinatus - innervation

A
  • Suprascapular nerve
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20
Q

Infraspinatus - action

A
  • Lateral rotation of the arm
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21
Q

Subscapularis - origin

A
  • Originates from the subscapular fossa, on the costal surface of the scapula
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22
Q

Subscapularis - insertion

A
  • It attaches to the lesser tubercle of the humerus
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23
Q

Subscapularis - innervation

A
  • Upper and lower subscapular nerves
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24
Q

Subscapularis - action

A
  • Medial rotation of the arm
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25
Q

Teres minor - origin

A
  • Originates from the posterior surface of the scapula, adjacent to its lateral border
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26
Q

Teres minor - insertion

A
  • It attaches to the greater tubercle of the humerus
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27
Q

Teres minor - innervation

A
  • Axillary nerve
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28
Q

Teres minor - action

A
  • Lateral rotation of the arm
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29
Q

Teres major - origin

A
  • Originates from the posterior surface of the inferior angle of the scapula
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30
Q

Teres major - insertion

A
  • It attaches to the medial lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus
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31
Q

Teres major - innervation

A
  • Lower subscapular nerve
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32
Q

Teres major - action

A
  • Adducts at the shoulder and medially rotates the arm
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33
Q

Deltoid - origin

A
  • Originates from the scapula and clavicle
34
Q

Deltoid - insertion

A
  • Attaches to the deltoid tuberosity on the lateral surface of the humerus
35
Q

Deltoid - innervation

A
  • Axillary nerve
36
Q

Deltoid - Action

A

Anterior fibres - flexion + medial rotation

Posterior fibres - extension + lateral rotation

Middle fibres - The major abductor of the arm (takes over from the supraspinatus, which abducts the first 15 degrees)

37
Q

Arterial supply to the anterior compartment of the upper arm

A
  • Brachial artery
38
Q

Biceps brachii - origin

A

Long head originates from the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, and the short head originates from the coracoid process of the scapula

39
Q

Biceps brachii - insertion

A

Both heads insert distally into the radial tuberosity and the fascia of the forearm via the bicipital aponeurosis

40
Q

Biceps brachii - function

A

Supination of the forearm. It also flexes the arm at the elbow and at the shoulder

41
Q

Biceps brachii - innervation

A

Musculocutaneous nerve

The bicep tendon reflex tests spinal cord segment C6.

42
Q

Coracobrachialis - origin

A
  • Originates from the coracoid process of the scapula

- The muscle passes through the axilla

43
Q

Coracobrachialis - insertion

A
  • Attaches the medial side of the humeral shaft, at the level of the deltoid tubercle
44
Q

Coracobrachialis - function

A
  • Flexion of the arm at the shoulder, and weak adduction
45
Q

Coracobrachialis - innervation

A
  • Musculocutaneous nerve
46
Q

Brachialis - origin

A
  • Originates from the medial and lateral surfaces of the humeral shaft
47
Q

Brachialis - insertion

A
  • Inserts into the ulna tuberosity, just distal to the elbow joint
48
Q

Brachialis - function

A
  • Flexion at the elbow
49
Q

Brachialis - innervation

A
  • Musculocutaneous nerve, with contributions from the radial nerve
50
Q

Arterial supply to the posterior compartment of the upper arm

A
  • Profunda brachii artery
51
Q

Triceps brachii - origin

A

Long head – originates from the infraglenoid tubercle. Lateral head – originates from the humerus, superior to the radial groove.
Medial head – originates from the humerus, inferior to the radial groove

52
Q

Triceps brachii - insertion

A

Distally, the heads converge onto one tendon and insert into the olecranon of the ulna

53
Q

Triceps brachii - function

A

Extension of the arm at the elbow

54
Q

Triceps brachii - innervation

A
  • Radial nerve

- A tap on the triceps tendon tests the spinal segment C7

55
Q

Muscles of the forearm

A
  • Flexors of wrist and digits(anterior)

- Extensors of wrist and digits (posterior)

56
Q

What are the thenar muscles

A

The thenar muscles are three short muscles located at the base of the thumb. The muscle bellies produce a bulge, known as the thenar eminence. They are responsible for the fine movements of the thumb.

The median nerve innervates all the thenar muscles.

57
Q

What are the hypothenar muscles

A

The hypothenar muscles produce the hypothenar eminence – a muscular protrusion on the medial side of the palm, at the base of the little finger. These muscles are similar to the thenar muscles in both name and organisation.

The ulnar nerve innervates the muscles of the hypothenar eminence

58
Q

Features of the vertebral column

A
  • Bipedalism
  • Shock absorption
  • Flexibility
59
Q

Purpose of ligaments

A
  • Reinforce and stabilise joints

- Limit range of movement

60
Q

What do the anterior longitudinal ligaments resist

A
  • Resists hyperextension
61
Q

What do the posterior longitudinal ligaments and ligamentum flava resist

A
  • Resists hyperflexion
62
Q

Which ligament is damaged during whiplash

A
  • Anterior longitudinal ligament
63
Q

Purpose of intervertebral joints and discs

A
  • Intervertebral joints for weight bearing and strength

- Secondary cartilaginous –fibrocartilage–> ‘shock absorbers’

64
Q

What happens to disc thickness down the vertebral column

A
  • Disc thickness increases down the vertebral column
65
Q

What do intervertebral discs consist of

A
  • Nucleus pulposus (core - semi fluid)

- Annulus fibrosus (outer - strong)

66
Q

Effect of disc protrusion/NP herniation

A
  • Can impinge on nerves
67
Q

Effects of joint angles on movement

A

Cervical (slightly slope) - flexion/extension/rotation

Thoracic(near vertical) - Rotation only

Lumbar(wrapped) - Flexion/extension only

68
Q

Effect of facet joint degeneration

A
  • Degeneration of facet joints can cause back pain
69
Q

What are the muscles of the back divided into

A

Extrinsic muscles(move upper limbs/ribs) - Superficial and intermediate

Intrinsic muscles(postural/move vertebral column) - Deep

70
Q

What are the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the back separated by

A
  • Separated by thoracolumbar fascia
71
Q

Function of trapezius

A
  • Rotates scapula
72
Q

Function of latissimus dorsi

A
  • Adducts/extends/medially rotates arm
73
Q

Purpose of levator scapulae

A
  • Elevates scapula
74
Q

Purpose of rhomboids (minor and major)

A
  • Retracts scapula
75
Q

3 layers of deep back muscles

A
  1. Splenius - most superficial (in neck)
  2. Erector spinae - Main group
  3. Multifidus - very deep
76
Q

Origin of erector spinae muscles

A
  • Erector spinae aponeurosis
77
Q

Location of the 3 erector spinae muscle blocks

A
  • Within groove between the spinous processes and angles of the ribs
78
Q

3 muscle blocks - erector spinae

A

Spinales - to spinous processes

Longissimus - to transverse processes

Iliocostalis - to ribs

79
Q

Purpose of the multifidus

A
  • Extend/rotate/stabilise vertebral column
80
Q

Where does the anterior primary ramus extend

A
  • Extrinsic muscles (mainly cervical rami)
81
Q

Were does the posterior primary ramus extend

A
  • Intrinsic muscles

Year 2 - T3 Theme 2 (17 decks)

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