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Year 2 - T3 Theme 2 > DR 5. Gluteal region and thigh > Flashcards

DR 5. Gluteal region and thigh Flashcards

1
Q

Muscles of the gluteal region

A
  • Gluteus maximus
  • Gluteus medius
  • Gluteus minimum
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2
Q

Gluteus maximus origin and insertion

A

origin - ilium and sacrum

insertion - gluteal tuberosity at the back of the femur as well as the iliotibial tract

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3
Q

What is the iliotibial tract

A
  • Thick fibrous band running down the lateral side of the thigh
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4
Q

Gluteus minimus and medius origin and insertion

A

Origin - From the ilium

Insertion - Into the greater trochanter

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5
Q

Piriformis - origin and insertion

A

Origin - From the sacrum

Insertion - Onto the greater trochanter

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6
Q

Piriformis action

A
  • Lateral rotation of the thigh at the hip joint
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7
Q

Why is the piriformis an important landmark

A
  • Sciatic nerve can be seen passing out below this muscle
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8
Q

What can be observed inferior to piriformis

A
  • A series of short rotators can be observed
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9
Q

Innervation of gluteus maximum

A
  • Inferior gluteal nerve
  • It passes out of the pelvis with the inferior gluteal vessels below the piriformis muscle to innervate the gluteus maximus muscle
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10
Q

Innervation of gluteus medius and minimum

A
  • Superior gluteal nerve
  • It passes out of the pelvis with the superior gluteal vessels above piriformis to innervate the gluteus medius and minimum muscles
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11
Q

How does the sciatic nerve enter the gluteal region

A
  • Sciatic nerve enters the gluteal region with the gluteal nerves through the greater sciatic foramen
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12
Q

What is the greater sciatic notch bordered by

A
  • The sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments
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13
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve emerge from

A
  • Emerges from under the inferior border of piriformis towards the posterior thigh
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14
Q

muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh

A
  • Biceps femoris
  • Semitendinosus
  • Semimembranosus

Collectively known as the hamstrings

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15
Q

Hamstrings - origin

A

Ischial tuberosity

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16
Q

Heads of biceps femoris muscle - origin

A
  • Long head from the ischial tuberosity

- Short head from the shaft of the femur

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17
Q

Biceps femoris insertion

A
  • Head of the fibula
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18
Q

Semitendinosus and semimembranosus - insertion

A

Semitendinosus ends in a long tendon that passes over semibranosus

  • Both muscles insert into the tibia
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19
Q

Innervation of the hamstrings

A
  • Tibial component of the sciatic nerve
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20
Q

Location of the popliteal fossa

A
  • Diamond-shaped fossa at the back of the knee
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21
Q

Boundaries of popliteal fossa

A
  • The superior boundaries are semimembranosus and semitendinosus medially and biceps femoris laterally
  • The inferior boundaries are the two heads of gastrocnemius
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22
Q

What does the sciatic nerve divide into within the popliteal fossa

A
  • Tibial nerve and common fibular nerve

- However, it can divide at any point between the gluteal region and popliteal fossa

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23
Q

Path of tibial nerve

A
  • Passes downwards behind the knee joint
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24
Q

Path of common fibular nerve

A
  • Passes through the popliteal fossa, where it lies medial to the tendon of biceps femoris
  • When it reaches the lateral aspect of the fossa, it curves towards the neck of the fibula
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25
Q

Arteries and veins present in the popliteal fossa

A
  • Popliteal artery and vein (continuation of the femoral vessels)
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26
Q

What other vein enters popliteal fossa

A
  • Short saphenous vein, which drains the lateral side of the foot, enters the popliteal fossa to merge with the popliteal vein
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27
Q

Hip joint - type

A
  • Ball and socket joint between the head of the femur and the acetabulum
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28
Q

Movements of the hip joint

A
  • Extension, flexion, abduction, adduction, lateral(external) rotation and medial(internal) rotation
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29
Q

Primary function of the hip joint

A

Weight bearing

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30
Q

Ligaments that stabilise the hip joint

A
  • Intracapsular

- Extracapsular (iliofemoral, ischiofemoral, pubofemoral)

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31
Q

What is the fascia lata

A
  • The fascia lata forms a sleeve around each muscular compartment
  • It extends from the iliac crests and is continuous with the deep fascia of the leg
  • Laterally, it is thickened as the iliotibial tract
32
Q

Muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh

A
  • Quadriceps femoris
  • Sartorius
  • Tensor fascia lata
33
Q

Tensor fascia lata - origin

A
  • From the anterior superior iliac spine
34
Q

Tensor fascia lata - insertion

A
  • Iliotibial tract

- This muscle tightens the iliotibial tract, and therefore helps stabilise the knee when standing

35
Q

Most superficial muscle of anterior compartment of the thigh

A
  • Sartorius muscle
36
Q

Sartorius origin

A
  • Anterior superior iliac spine

and sweeps from lateral to medial

37
Q

Sartorius insertion

A
  • Tibia
38
Q

Parts of the quadriceps femoris muscle

A

1) Rectus femoris
2) Vastus intermedius
3) Vastus Medialis
4) Vastus lateralis

39
Q

Rectus femoris - origin

A

Anterior inferior iliac spine and from above the acetabulum

40
Q

Tendon formed by the rectus femoris

A
  • Distally, it forms the quadriceps tendon
41
Q

Three vasti - origin

A
  • From the femur and contribute distally to the quadriceps tendon
42
Q

Attachments of the quadriceps tendon

A
  • This tendon is attached to the superior border and sides of the patella (largest sesamoid bone in the body)
43
Q

Ligament formed at the lower border of the patella

A
  • At the lower border of the patella, the patella ligament is formed, which inserts into the tibial tuberosity
44
Q

Iliacus - origin

A
  • From the iliac fossa
45
Q

Psoas major - origin

A
  • From the lumbar vertebrae
46
Q

Insertion of iliopsoas

A
  • Insertion on to the lesser trochanter
47
Q

Innervation of the anterior compartment muscles and skin on the thigh

A
  • Femoral nerve
48
Q

Where does the femoral nerve enter

A
  • The femoral nerve enters the anterior compartment from below the inguinal ligament
49
Q

What does the femoral nerve divide into

A
  • It enters the femoral triangle and divides into tbranches that supply sartorius, the quadriceps, as well as pectineus
50
Q

Borders of the femoral triangle

A

superiorly (also known as the base) by the inguinal ligament.
medially by the medial border of the adductor longus muscle. …
laterally by the medial border of the sartorius muscle.

51
Q

What other key nerve does the femoral nerve give rise to

A
  • Saphenous nerve, which runs directly below the sartorius muscle to cross the knee on the medial side
52
Q

Muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh

A
  • Group consists of pectineus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus and gracilis
53
Q

Most anterior muscle of the medial compartment of the thigh

A
  • Pectineus
54
Q

Pectineus - origin

A
  • Origin is from the pubis
55
Q

Pectineus - insertion

A
  • Femur below the lesser trochanter
56
Q

What muscle can be seen medial to pectineus

A
  • The larger adductor longus muscle
57
Q

Muscle medial to pectineus

A

Adductor longus muscle

58
Q

Adductor longus origin

A

Pubis

59
Q

Adductor longus insertion

A

Linea aspera of the femur

60
Q

What muscle lies deep to adductor longus

A

Adductor brevis muscle

61
Q

Adductor brevis - origin

A

Pubis

62
Q

Adductor longus - insertion

A

Linea aspera of the femur

63
Q

What muscle lies deep to adductor longus muscle

A

Adductor magnus muscle

64
Q

Portions of the adductor magnus muscle

A
  • Adductor portion and also a hamstring portion
65
Q

Adductor magnus - adductor portion origin

A
  • Ischiopubic ramus
66
Q

Adductor magnus - adductor portion insertion

A
  • Whole length of linea aspera
67
Q

Adductor magnus - hamstring portion origin

A
  • Ischial tuberosity
68
Q

Adductor magnus - hamstring portion insertion

A
  • Adductor tubercle of the femur

- The tendon of the hamstring portion forms the adductor hiatus

69
Q

Artery and vein that pass through the adductor hiatus

A
  • Femoral artery and vein

- They pass through the adductor hiatus to enter the popliteal fossa

70
Q

Muscle located on the most medial aspect of the thigh

A
  • Gracilis muscle
71
Q

Gracilis - origin

A

pubis

72
Q

Gracilis - insertion

A

tibia

73
Q

Innervation of the muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh

A
  • Obturator nerve
  • Except for the pectineus and hamstring portion of adductor magnus
  • The obturator nerve also supplies the skin on the medial aspect of the thigh
74
Q

What does the femoral triangle contain

A

The femoral triangle contains(from lateral to medial) the femoral nerve, artery, vein as well as the femoral canal

  • As the femoral vessels emerge under the inguinal ligament, they are contained within a sheath of fascia, the femoral sheath, along with the femoral canal
75
Q

Is the femoral nerve in the femoral sheath

A
  • The femoral nerve does not lie within the femoral sheath but instead enters the thigh lateral to the sheath
  • The nerve immediately branches to supply the anterior compartment muscles
76
Q

Path of the femoral vessels as they descend the anterior thigh

A

As they descend the anterior thigh, they sit within a canal formed by the sartorius(roof), vastus medialis(lateral wall) and adductor longus(floor)

  • Distally, they pass through the adductor hiatus and gain access to the posterior compartment of the thigh

Year 2 - T3 Theme 2 (17 decks)

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