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Year 2 - T3 Theme 2 > L10 The principles of articulation: fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial joints > Flashcards

L10 The principles of articulation: fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial joints Flashcards

1
Q

Articulation/joint/arthrosis

A

Point of contact between:

  • Neighbouring bones
  • Bone and cartilage
  • Bone and teeth
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2
Q

How are joints classified

A
  • Structure
  • Function
  • Movement
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3
Q

Structural classification

A
  • Presence or absence of a synovial cavity and the type of connective tissue
  • Described as either fibrous, cartilaginous or synovial
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4
Q

Functional classification

A

Based on the degree of movement permitted:

  • Synarthrosis (immovable)
  • Amphiarthrosis (partially moveable)
  • Diarthrosis (freely moveable)
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5
Q

Fibrous joints

A
  • No synovial cavity
  • Held together by a fibrous connective tissue
  • Permits little or no movement (synarthrosis/amphiarthrosis)
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6
Q

Types of fibrous joints

A
  1. Suture
  2. Syndemosis
  3. Interosseous membrane
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7
Q

Fibrous joints - suture

A
  • Unite skull bones
  • Thin layer of dense connective tissue
  • Irregular
  • Interlocking edges provide strength, permit no movement (synarthrosis)
  • Ossification of a suture forms a synostosis
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8
Q

Fibrous joints- syndesmosis

A
  • More connective tissue than seen in a suture
  • Crosses a greater distance than a suture
  • Connective tissue typically arranged into bundles (ligament)
  • Typically permit slightly movement(amphiarthrosis)
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9
Q

Examples of synesmosis in fibrous joints

A

Between fibula and tibia - anterior tibiofibular ligament

Gomphosis (or dentoalveolar)

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10
Q

Fibrous joints - interosseous membranes

A
  • Sheet of dense connective tissue
  • Binds adjacent long bones
  • Amphiarthrosis
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11
Q

Examples of interosseous membranes in fibrous joints

A

Two main examples between the radius and ulna in forearm, and tibia and fibia in the leg

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12
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A
  • No synovial cavity
  • Held together by a fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
  • Permits little or no movement (synarthrosis/amphiarthrosis)
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13
Q

Types of cartilaginous joints

A
  1. Synchrondosis

2. Symphysis

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14
Q

Cartilaginous joints - synchrondosis

A
  • The connective tissue is hyaline cartilage
  • Synarthrosis
  • Example - epiphyseal plate (growth plate)
  • At skeletal maturity the epiphysis, metaphysis and epiphyseal plate fuse forming a synostosis
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15
Q

Cartilaginous joints - symphysis

A
  • Connective tissue is fibrocartilage
  • Adjacent bones lined with hyaline cartilage, but with a broad disc of fibrocartilage connects the bones
  • Amphiarthrosis
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16
Q

Where do all symphysis occur

A

All symphysis occur in the midline of the body:

  • Junction of the manubrium and sternum
  • Intervertebral discs
  • Pubic symphysis
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17
Q

Synovial joints

A
  • Synovial (joint) cavity between articulating bones
  • Freely moveable - diarthrosis
  • Layer of hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage
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18
Q

Synovial joint structure - articular cartilage

A
  • Covers the bones at synovial joints

- Avascular

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19
Q

What is articular cartilage composed of

A
  • Composed of collagen and proteoglycan

- Orientation of collagen structure imparts resistance to compression and an extremely low resistance surface

20
Q

Synovial joint structure - articular capsule

A
  • Encapsulates a synovial joint
  • Composed of two layers
  • Outer fibrous membrane connects to periosteum (flexibility permits movement, fibres arranged into bundles - high tensile strength)
  • Inner layer termed synovial membrane (areolar connective tissue rich in elastic fibres occasionally contains structural fat pads
21
Q

Synovial joint structure - synovial fluid

A
  • Secreted by synovial membrane
  • Rich in hyaluronic acid, secreted by fibroblast-like cells, and interstitial fluid from blood plasma
  • Lubricates articular surface (reducing friction)
  • Provides some shock-absorbing properties
  • Supplies nutrition to, and removes waste products from the avascular articular cartilage
  • Phagocytes remove microbes and debris
22
Q

Synovial joint structure - accessory ligaments

A

Intracapsular and extracapsular ligaments

23
Q

Location of intracapsular ligaments

A

Intracapsular ligaments lie within the joint capsule

  • Excluded from synovial fluid by folds in synovial membrane
  • eg. anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments of the knee
24
Q

Location of extracapsular ligaments

A

Outside the joint capsule

- eg. fibular and tibial collateral ligaments of the knee

25
Q

Synovial joint structure - accessory articular discs

A
  • Fibrocartilage pads lie between articular cartilage of some synovial joints eg meniscus of the knee
  • Called meniscii or articular discs
  • Help maintain joint stability
  • Direct the flow of synovial fluid
  • Meniscal tears (common in athletes)
26
Q

Synovial joint structure - nerve and blood supply

A
  • Nerve endings same as those
  • Distributed to the articular capsule and associated ligaments
  • Pain and proprioception
  • Many components of the synovial joint are avascular
  • Rely on numerous branching of arteries and veins to supply associated tissue
27
Q

Synovial joint structure - bursae and tendon sheaths

A
  • Moving parts of joints can cause friction
  • Bursae are fluid filled sacs lined with synovial like membrane
  • Bursae cushion movement between body parts
  • Tendon sheaths are similar to bursae
  • Specialised membranes that wrap around tendons
  • Especially where many tendons come together and/or pass through a synovial joint capsule
28
Q

Types of synovial joints - movement

A
  • Planar
  • Hinge
  • Pivot
  • Condyloid
  • Saddle
  • Ball and socket
29
Q

Planar synovial joints

A
  • Surfaces flat or slightly curved

- Permit back and forth, and side to side movements

30
Q

Examples of planar joints

A
  • Intercarpal joints (between carpal bones at the wrist)

- Intertarsal joints (between tarsal bones at the ankle)

31
Q

Hinge synovial joint

A
  • Concave surface of one bone fits the convex surface of another
  • Permits motion in a single axis (flexion and extension)
32
Q

Examples of hinge synovial joints

A
  • Knee joints

- Elbow joints

33
Q

Pivot joints

A
  • Rounded or pointed surface of one bone pivots inside a ring formed by the other bone and a ligament
  • Permits rotation in its longitudinal axis (monoaxial)
34
Q

Examples of pivot joints

A
  • Radioulnar joints

- Atlanto-axial joint

35
Q

Condyloid joints

A
  • Convex oval projection of one bone fit into the oval depression of the other
  • Permits movement around two axis (biaxial; flexion and extension, and abduction and adduction)
36
Q

Examples of condyloid joints

A
  • Wrist joint

- Metacarpophalangeal joints

37
Q

Saddle joints

A
  • One bone fits into the saddle shaped bone it opposes
  • Modified condyloid joint
  • Permits movement around two axis(biaxial; flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, (sometimes limited rotation)
38
Q

Examples of saddle joints

A
  • Carpometacarpal joint
39
Q

Ball and socket joint

A
  • Ball-like surface of one bone fits into the cup-like depression of the other
  • Triaxial movement around three planes (triaxial; flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, and rotation)
40
Q

Examples of ball and socket joints

A
  • Shoulder joint

- Hip joint

41
Q

Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint

A
  • Synovial ball and socket joint
  • Joint between the proximal humerus and the scapula(glenoid fossa)
  • Due to the shallowness of the glenoid cavity, it is the most mobile joint in the body
  • Four associated bursae
42
Q

What is the glenoid labrum

A
  • A narrow rim of fibrocartilage - deepens glenoid
43
Q

Which ligaments stabilise glenohumeral joint

A
  • Glenohumeral
  • Coracohumeral
  • Transverse humeral
44
Q

Rotator cuff muscles

A

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis

45
Q

Acromioclavicular joint

A
  • Technically a synovial gliding joint(planar) but it acts like a pivot
  • Joint between the acromion (part of the scapula) and the clavicle
  • Allows the movement of the scapula, permitting greater arm rotation(above the head)
46
Q

Sternoclavicular joint

A
  • Synovial saddle joint
  • Medial clavicle fits into a hollow formed by the superlateral surface of the manubrium and the medial costal cartilage of the first rib
  • Fibrocartilagenous articular disc divides the joint into two synovial cavities
47
Q

Ligaments reinforcing sternoclavicular joint

A
  • Reinforced by interclavicular, anterior, and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments
  • Although a saddle joint - is capable of triaxial movement - all movement is passive

Year 2 - T3 Theme 2 (17 decks)

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