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Year 2 - T3 Theme 2 > DR.3 Forearm > Flashcards

DR.3 Forearm Flashcards

1
Q

Muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm - origin

A
  • Medial epicondyle of the humerus
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2
Q

What are the three groups of flexors

A
  • Superficial
  • Intermediate
  • Deep
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3
Q

Superficial and intermediate muscle groups of the anterior compartment of the forearm

A
  • Palmaris longus, flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, pronator teres and flexor digitorum
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4
Q

Palmaris longus - insertion

A
  • It inserts into the palmar aponeurosis, a thick sheet of dense fibrous connective tissue over the central region of the palm of the hand
  • The most superficial muscle of the group
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5
Q

Flexor carpi radialis - insertion

A
  • Inserts into the base of the second and third metacarpal bones and therefore lies on the radial side of the wrist
  • This muscle is a flexor and abductor of the wrist
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6
Q

Flexor carpi ulnaris - insertion

A
  • Inserts into the pisiform bone and the fifth metacarpal

- Is a flexor and adductor of the wrist

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7
Q

Pronator teres - insertion

A
  • Inserts into the radius
  • Powerful pronator of the wrist
  • Has two heads and the median nerve passes between these heads into the forearm
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8
Q

Flexor digitorum superficialis - insertion

A
  • This is the only intermediate muscle
  • Close to the wrist, this muscle divides into four tendons and passes underneath the flexor retinaculum
  • Beneath the reticulum, the tendons of digits 3 and 4 sit above those of digits 2 and 5
  • The fours tendons insert into the middle phalanx of their respective digits
  • Just proximal to their insertion, the tendons split to allow the tendons of flexor digitorum profundus to insert into the distal phalanx of each of the 4 digits
  • This means that superficialis can only flex the fingers as far as the PIP joints whereas profundus tendons also flex at the DIP joints
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9
Q

The 3 deep flexors of the forearm

A
  • Flexor digitorum profundus
  • Flexor pollicis longus
  • Pronator quadratus
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10
Q

FDP - insertion

A
  • The four tendons of this muscle pass through the carpal tunnel deep to those of flexor digitorum superficialis
  • In the hand, the tendons pass through the split tendons of superficialis to insert at the base of the distal phalanges
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11
Q

FPL - insertion

A
  • This muscle is a powerful flexor of the thumb
  • At the wrist, its tendon passes deep through the carpal tunnel and inserts into the base of the distal phalanx of digit 1
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12
Q

Pronator quadratus - insertion

A
  • The muscle is attached at the distal ends of the radius and ulna and together with pronator teres, pronates the forearm
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13
Q

What does the brachial artery divide into

A
  • As the brachial artery passes into the forearm, it divides into its two terminal branches - the ulnar and radial arteries
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14
Q

Path of ulnar and radial arteries

A
  • The ulnar and radial arteries continue to the wrist, lying underneath flexor carpi ulnaris and brachioradialis respectively
  • At the wrist, the ulnar artery is relatively superficial and passes into the palm of the hand
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15
Q

What branches off the proximal end of the ulnar artery

A
  • A branch is given off called the common interosseous artery
  • This branch passes deep into the forearm and divides into the anterior and posterior interosseous arteries
  • These arteries run down each side of the interosseous membrane, which lies between the radius and ulna
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16
Q

Path of the radial artery after passing below brachioradialis

A
  • The radial artery winds dorsally at the wrist and crosses through a region known as the anatomical snuff box
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17
Q

What is the flexor retinaculum

A
  • This is a strong band of fibrous connective tissue that crosses the wrist and holds the long tendons firmly in place and prevents them from ‘bowstringing’
  • This band of tissue also forms the roof of the carpal tunnel, which is a fibro-osseous tunnel containing the tendons of the superficial and deep flexors as well as the median nerve
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18
Q

Brachial artery path in the forearm

A
  • As the brachial artery passes into the forearm, it divides into its two terminal branches
  • The ulnar and radial arteries continue to the wrist, lying underneath flexor carpi ulnaris and brachioradialis respectively
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19
Q

Path of the ulnar nerve

A
  • It passes through the cubital tunnel to gain access to the forearm
  • It travels down the forearm under cover of flexor carpi ulnaris which it supplies, lying medial to the ulnar artery
  • As the nerve crosses the wrist, it lies superficial to the flexor retinaculum
  • Within the hand, it divides into a deep and superficial branch to the supply many of the intrinsic muscles of the hand
20
Q

What does the ulnar nerve also supply

A
  • The ulnar nerve also supplies the ulnar side of flexor digitorum profundus
21
Q

Path of the median nerve

A
  • The median nerve enters the forearm between the two heads of pronator teres
  • It enters the forearm and follow it into the carpal tunnel where it lies between the superficial and deep digital flexor tendons
22
Q

What does the median nerve innervate

A
  • Supplies all the muscles of the anterior compartment with the exception of flexor carpi ulnaris and the ulnar side of the deep digital flexor
  • It also supplies the muscles in the hand forming the ball of the thumb
23
Q

Path of musculocutaneous nerve

A
  • Distally, this nerve enters the forearm as the lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm to supply the skin on the dorsal and ventral side of the forearm as far distally as the ball of the thumb
24
Q

Muscles of the extensor compartment of the forearm - origin

A
  • Many of the muscles in this compartment have a common origin, which is the lateral epicondyle of the humerus
25
Q

Brachioradialis - location

A
  • Although in the posterior compartment, this muscle overlaps both the flexor and tensor compartments
26
Q

Brachioradialis - origin

A
  • Arises from the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus
27
Q

Brachioradialis - insertion

A
  • Inserts on to the styloid process sat the distal end of the radius
  • It is a flexor of the forearm when half pronated
28
Q

Extensor carpi radialis longus - origin

A
  • Extensor carpi radialis longus arises from the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus
29
Q

Extensor carpi radialis longus - insertion

A
  • Inserts into the base of the second metacarpal
30
Q

Extensor carpi radialis brevis - origin

A
  • Arises from the common extensor origin
31
Q

Extensor carpi radialis brevis - insertion

A
  • Inserts into the dorsal aspect of the base of the third metacarpal
32
Q

Action of extensor carpi radialis brevis and longus

A
  • Both muscles extended and abduct the wrist
33
Q

Extensor carpi ulnaris - action

A
  • An extensor and adductor of the wrist
34
Q

Extensor carpi ulnaris - insertion

A
  • Inserts into the dorsal aspect of the base of the fifth metacarpal
35
Q

What does the extensor digitorum give rise to

A
  • Four tendons that insert into the middle and distal phalanges of digits 2 to 5
  • This muscle extends the proximal and distal intephalangeal joints
36
Q

Features of extensor digiti minimi

A
  • This muscle is an accessory extensor of digit 5

- Its tendon is often interconnected with extensor digitorum on the dorsum of the hand

37
Q

Extensor indicis features

A
  • This muscle is an accessory extensor of digit 2 and is a deep muscle
  • Its tendon is often interconnected with extensor digitorum on the dorsum of the hand
38
Q

Abdutor pollicis longus - insertion

A
  • Insertion into the base of the first metacarpal
39
Q

Extensor pollicis brevis - insertion

A
  • Inserts into the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb
40
Q

Where does the tendon of extensor pollicis longus insert

A
  • Into the base of the distal phalanx of the thumb
  • The first two of these tendons form the anterior boundary of the anatomical snuffbox
  • Extensor pollicis longus forms the posterior boundary
41
Q

Which tendons cross the snuffbox

A
  • The snuffbox is crossed by the tendons of extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis and deep within it, the pulse of the radial artery can be felt
42
Q

Muscle located deep in the upper part of the forearm

A
  • The supinator muscle
  • This muscle surrounds the upper third of the radius having taken origin from the ulna and the humerus
  • The fibres pass behind the radius and insert into the proximal third of the anterior aspect of the radius just proximal to pronator teres
43
Q

What does the radial nerve supply

A
  • The radial nerve supplies the muscles and skin over the posterior aspect of the upper limb
44
Q

Where does the radial nerve enter the anterior compartment of the forearm

A
  • Nerve enters the anterior compartment of the forearm from the lateral side
45
Q

What muscles does the radial nerve supply in the anterior compartment of the forearm

A
  • Supplies brachioradialis and the extensor carpi radialis longus muscles
46
Q

Branch given off by the radial nerve as it crosses the supinator

A
  • It gives off a large deep branch, the posterior interosseous nerve
  • The deep branch pierces supinator to enter the posterior compartment of the forearm and supplies the rest of the extensor muscles in the forearm
47
Q

Superficial branch of the radial nerve

A
  • The superficial branch of the radial nerve carries on down the forearm under cover of brachioradialis
  • As it approaches the wrist the superficial branch passes deep to the tendon of brachioradialis and divides into several digital branches to supply the skin on the dorsolateral aspect of the hand

Year 2 - T3 Theme 2 (17 decks)

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