Muscles and Muscle Tissues

Question 1

What are the three types of muscles tissues?

Answer 1

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

Question 2

What are the functions of muscle tissues?

Answer 2

highly cellular and well vascularized and specialized for contraction

Question 3

Describe skeletal muscles.

Answer 3

muscle fibers, striated, voluntary and attached to skeleton

Question 4

what are muscle fibers?

Answer 4

long, cylindrical multinucleate cells

Question 5

What are cardiac muscles?

Answer 5

branching, striated with intercalated discs that are involuntary tissues found only in heart walls

Question 6

what are the functions of the skeletal muscle?

Answer 6

locomotion. manipulation of the environment

Question 7

what is the function of the cardiac muscle?

Answer 7

as it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation

Question 8

Describe smooth muscles

Answer 8

spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei that are not striated in walls of hollow organs with involuntary control

Question 9

What is the function of smooth muscles?

Answer 9

propels substances or objects along internal passageways

Question 10

What are the four special characteristics of muscle tissues?

Answer 10

contractlity( ability to shorten forcibly when stimulated), excitability (ability to receive and respond to stimulus), extensibility(ability to stretch), and elasticity (ability to recoil to resting length)

Question 11

what are the four important functions of muscles?

Answer 11

producing movement, maintaining posture and body position, stabilizing joints, and generating heat

Question 12

what are the components of a skeletal muscle?

Answer 12

skeletal muscle tissue, blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue

Question 13

How does a skeletal muscle receive its rich blood supply?

Answer 13

one artery, nerve, and one or more veins enter or exit the central part and branch through connective tissue sheaths

Question 14

what is the purpose of connective tissue sheaths?

Answer 14

support each cell, reinforce and hold together the muscle as a whole

Question 15

What are the three types of connective tissue sheaths?

Answer 15

perimysium endomysium, and epimysium

Question 16

Describe the epimysium

Answer 16

the epmysium surround the whole muscle it is made up of dense irregular connective tissue

Question 17

Describe the perimysum

Answer 17

the perimysium surround a fascicle and composed of fibrous connective tissue

Question 18

Describe the endomysium

Answer 18

the endomysium surrounds the muscle fiber and composed of fine areolar connective tissue

Question 19

Using the terms insertion and origin, explain what occurs when a muscle contracts

Answer 19

when the muscle contracts the muscle’s insertion(movable bone) move towards the muscle’s origin (immovable bone)

Question 20

What are the two types of attachments? Which is most common

Answer 20

direct and indirect. Indirect is the most common

Question 21

Describe an indirect attachement

Answer 21

the muscle’s connect tissue wrappings extend beyond the muscle either as a tendon or aponeurosis

Question 22

Describe a direct attachment

Answer 22

the epimysium is fused to the periosteum of the bone or perichondrium of a cartilage

Question 23

What is the purpose of a tendon or aponeurosis

Answer 23

anchors the muscle to the connective tissue covering of a skeletal elements or fascia of another muscle

Question 24

what is the name for the plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber?

Answer 24

sacrolemma

Question 25

what is a sarcoplasm?

Answer 25

the cytoplasm of a skeletal muscle fiber that consist of glycosomes and myoglobin

Question 26

Describe the components what muscle fibers are made up

Answer 26

Muscle fibers are composed of myofibrils, which are rodlike elements that contain sacromeres

Question 27

What are sacromeres

Answer 27

the contractile elements of skeletal muscle cells. Located between 2 Z discs

Question 28

What is another name for dark bands. Also, describe this region

Answer 28

Another name is A band. This region extends to the length of the overlap between thick and thin filaments

Question 29

Describe the lighter region of the A band

Answer 29

This region is the H zone. The H zone is in the middle of the A band where thick and thin filaments do not overlap. This region is primarily thick filaments

Question 30

What is the darker line that bissects the H zone

Answer 30

This line is the M line. This region consists of proteins that hold thick filaments together by accessory proteins

Question 31

What is the dark band

Answer 31

This is the I band, which consist of thin filaments only

Question 32

What anchors thin filaments?

Answer 32

Z disc, which are located in the I band

Question 33

What are the 2 main components of myofibrils?

Answer 33

Thick and thin filaments

Question 34

Which filament is myosin, thick or thin?

Answer 34

thick filament

Question 35

What are the components of thin filaments?

Answer 35

actin, troponin, and tropomyosin

Question 36

What are the components of thick filaments

Answer 36

tail and heads

Question 37

What are the 2 functional sites of a myosin head?

Answer 37

actin binding site and ATP binding site

Question 38

What is the function of tropomyosin?

Answer 38

blocks myosin-binding sites on actin

Question 39

What is the function of troponin?

Answer 39

bind to actin, tropomyosin, and CA2+

Question 40

How is ATP regenerated?

Answer 40

direct phophorylation of creatine phosphate(10-15 sec), anaerobic glycolysis (30-40sec) and aerobic respiration

Question 41

what is muscle fatigue?

Answer 41

physiological inability to contract despite continued stimulation

Question 42

what causes muscle fatigue?

Answer 42

ionic imbalance that interfere with calcium ions release from SR and prolonged to SR

Question 43

What must occur for muscle to return to resting state after vigorous exercise?

Answer 43

02 reserves in myoglobin is replenished, lactic acid is reconverted to pyruvic acid, glycogen stroes replaced, and ATP &CP reserve resynthesized

Question 44

How much of energy is actually used for work and heat.

Answer 44

40% for work and 60% for heat

Question 45

What are the three types of muscle fibers?

Answer 45

slow oxidative and fast oxidative and fast glycolytic

Question 46

Which metabolic pathway for ATP synthesis would oxidative and glycolytic fibers utliize?

Answer 46

Oxidative fibers use aerobic pathways and glycolytic pathways use anaerobic pathways

Question 47

Compare slow oxidative and fast glycolytic

Answer 47

Speed of contraction is slow for oxidative and fast for glycolytic, oxidative has high myoglobin content whole glycolytic has low, fast has high glycogen storage while slow has low storage, slow has a slower rate of fatigue while fast has rate of fatigue

Question 48

What type of activity is slow oxidative best for?

Answer 48

endurance-type activities

Question 49

What type of skeletal fiber is best for sprinting and walking?

Answer 49

fast oxidative

Question 50

what type of activity is fast glycolytic fibers best for?

Answer 50

short-term or powerful movements (hitting a baseball)

Question 51

What does aerobic exercise lead to increase in?

Answer 51

number of capillaries, mitochondria, and amount of myoglobin. Ultimately results in greater endurance and resistance to fatigue

Question 52

What does resistance exercise result in?

Answer 52

muscle hypertrophy and increase in muscle strength