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A&P I > Muscles and Muscle Tissues > Flashcards

Muscles and Muscle Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of muscles tissues?

A

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

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2
Q

What are the functions of muscle tissues?

A

highly cellular and well vascularized and specialized for contraction

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3
Q

Describe skeletal muscles.

A

muscle fibers, striated, voluntary and attached to skeleton

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4
Q

what are muscle fibers?

A

long, cylindrical multinucleate cells

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5
Q

What are cardiac muscles?

A

branching, striated with intercalated discs that are involuntary tissues found only in heart walls

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6
Q

what are the functions of the skeletal muscle?

A

locomotion. manipulation of the environment

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7
Q

what is the function of the cardiac muscle?

A

as it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation

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8
Q

Describe smooth muscles

A

spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei that are not striated in walls of hollow organs with involuntary control

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9
Q

What is the function of smooth muscles?

A

propels substances or objects along internal passageways

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10
Q

What are the four special characteristics of muscle tissues?

A

contractlity( ability to shorten forcibly when stimulated), excitability (ability to receive and respond to stimulus), extensibility(ability to stretch), and elasticity (ability to recoil to resting length)

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11
Q

what are the four important functions of muscles?

A

producing movement, maintaining posture and body position, stabilizing joints, and generating heat

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12
Q

what are the components of a skeletal muscle?

A

skeletal muscle tissue, blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue

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13
Q

How does a skeletal muscle receive its rich blood supply?

A

one artery, nerve, and one or more veins enter or exit the central part and branch through connective tissue sheaths

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14
Q

what is the purpose of connective tissue sheaths?

A

support each cell, reinforce and hold together the muscle as a whole

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15
Q

What are the three types of connective tissue sheaths?

A

perimysium endomysium, and epimysium

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16
Q

Describe the epimysium

A

the epmysium surround the whole muscle it is made up of dense irregular connective tissue

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17
Q

Describe the perimysum

A

the perimysium surround a fascicle and composed of fibrous connective tissue

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18
Q

Describe the endomysium

A

the endomysium surrounds the muscle fiber and composed of fine areolar connective tissue

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19
Q

Using the terms insertion and origin, explain what occurs when a muscle contracts

A

when the muscle contracts the muscle’s insertion(movable bone) move towards the muscle’s origin (immovable bone)

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20
Q

What are the two types of attachments? Which is most common

A

direct and indirect. Indirect is the most common

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21
Q

Describe an indirect attachement

A

the muscle’s connect tissue wrappings extend beyond the muscle either as a tendon or aponeurosis

22
Q

Describe a direct attachment

A

the epimysium is fused to the periosteum of the bone or perichondrium of a cartilage

23
Q

What is the purpose of a tendon or aponeurosis

A

anchors the muscle to the connective tissue covering of a skeletal elements or fascia of another muscle

24
Q

what is the name for the plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber?

A

sacrolemma

25
Q

what is a sarcoplasm?

A

the cytoplasm of a skeletal muscle fiber that consist of glycosomes and myoglobin

26
Q

Describe the components what muscle fibers are made up

A

Muscle fibers are composed of myofibrils, which are rodlike elements that contain sacromeres

27
Q

What are sacromeres

A

the contractile elements of skeletal muscle cells. Located between 2 Z discs

28
Q

What is another name for dark bands. Also, describe this region

A

Another name is A band. This region extends to the length of the overlap between thick and thin filaments

29
Q

Describe the lighter region of the A band

A

This region is the H zone. The H zone is in the middle of the A band where thick and thin filaments do not overlap. This region is primarily thick filaments

30
Q

What is the darker line that bissects the H zone

A

This line is the M line. This region consists of proteins that hold thick filaments together by accessory proteins

31
Q

What is the dark band

A

This is the I band, which consist of thin filaments only

32
Q

What anchors thin filaments?

A

Z disc, which are located in the I band

33
Q

What are the 2 main components of myofibrils?

A

Thick and thin filaments

34
Q

Which filament is myosin, thick or thin?

A

thick filament

35
Q

What are the components of thin filaments?

A

actin, troponin, and tropomyosin

36
Q

What are the components of thick filaments

A

tail and heads

37
Q

What are the 2 functional sites of a myosin head?

A

actin binding site and ATP binding site

38
Q

What is the function of tropomyosin?

A

blocks myosin-binding sites on actin

39
Q

What is the function of troponin?

A

bind to actin, tropomyosin, and CA2+

40
Q

How is ATP regenerated?

A

direct phophorylation of creatine phosphate(10-15 sec), anaerobic glycolysis (30-40sec) and aerobic respiration

41
Q

what is muscle fatigue?

A

physiological inability to contract despite continued stimulation

42
Q

what causes muscle fatigue?

A

ionic imbalance that interfere with calcium ions release from SR and prolonged to SR

43
Q

What must occur for muscle to return to resting state after vigorous exercise?

A

02 reserves in myoglobin is replenished, lactic acid is reconverted to pyruvic acid, glycogen stroes replaced, and ATP &CP reserve resynthesized

44
Q

How much of energy is actually used for work and heat.

A

40% for work and 60% for heat

45
Q

What are the three types of muscle fibers?

A

slow oxidative and fast oxidative and fast glycolytic

46
Q

Which metabolic pathway for ATP synthesis would oxidative and glycolytic fibers utliize?

A

Oxidative fibers use aerobic pathways and glycolytic pathways use anaerobic pathways

47
Q

Compare slow oxidative and fast glycolytic

A

Speed of contraction is slow for oxidative and fast for glycolytic, oxidative has high myoglobin content whole glycolytic has low, fast has high glycogen storage while slow has low storage, slow has a slower rate of fatigue while fast has rate of fatigue

48
Q

What type of activity is slow oxidative best for?

A

endurance-type activities

49
Q

What type of skeletal fiber is best for sprinting and walking?

A

fast oxidative

50
Q

what type of activity is fast glycolytic fibers best for?

A

short-term or powerful movements (hitting a baseball)

51
Q

What does aerobic exercise lead to increase in?

A

number of capillaries, mitochondria, and amount of myoglobin. Ultimately results in greater endurance and resistance to fatigue

52
Q

What does resistance exercise result in?

A

muscle hypertrophy and increase in muscle strength

A&P I (8 decks)

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