Mini-Exam 1 Flashcards
What is anatomy?
the study of the structure
what is physiology?
the study of the function
Define cytology and histology. How do we view these?
cytology: cells
histology: tissues
we view them via microscopes
Define the principle of complementarity.
function always reflects structure . What a structure can do depends in its specific form
What are the levels of structural organization beginning from the lowest level?
chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, and organismal level
Define and state what the chemical level is composed.
Atom: smallest unit of matter
Molecules: 2+ atoms joined together
What is the cellular level composed
Cells: the smallest living thing
Define and state what the tissue level is composed.
tissues: groups of similar cells that have a common fxn
Define and state what the organ level is composed.
organ: structure composed of at least 2 tissue types that performs a specific fxn
Define and state what the organ system is composed.
organ system: related organs that have a common fxn
List all organ systems
Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Digestive, Respiratory, Endocrine, Reproductive, Lymphatic, Cardiovascular, and Urinary,
List and define the necessary life functions.
Maintaining boundaries: keep internal and external envs distinct
Movement: whole body or single cells
Responsiveness: ability to sense and respond stimuli
Digestion: breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules
Metabolism: all chemical rxns that occur within body cells
Excretion: removal of wastes
Reproduction: cellular or organismal level
Growth: increase in size of a body part of organism as a whole
What is homeostasis?
the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal env in response to an ever-changing outside world
What is the dynamic state of eq?
internal conditions vary, but within narrow limits
What factors are regulated to maintain homeostasis?
concentration of glucose, O2, CO2, water, electrolytes and waste products. pH, blood volume and pressure, and temp.
Of the homeostatic control mechanism, which three elements work together?
- receptor: monitors changes in a stimuli and sends input to a control center.
- Control center: determines set pt, receives input from a receptor, and sends output to an effector. 3. Effector: Receives output from control center and produces a response that changes value of controlled variable
What is negative feedback mechanism?
response that reduces or shuts off original stimulus, variable changes in opposite direction to initial changes, returns variable to “ideal” values.
what is the goal of negative feedback?
to prevent sudden, severe changes within the body
What is positive feedback?
response enhances or exaggerates original stimulus, variable changes in same direction as initial change (moves further away from set pt)
what is the goal of positive feedback?
to control infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustments.
examples: blood clotting and childbirth
Define and describe the anatomical position
standard frame of reference for anatomical description. body erect, feet slightly apart, palms face forward, thumbs point away from body
The brain is more while the feet are
superior(cranial) and inferior (caudal)
The front is considered to ___ while the back is _____
anterior/ventral and posterior/dorsal
The sternum is ____ to the shoulders while the shoulders are ___ to the sternum
medial and lateral
