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A&P I > Mini-Exam 1 > Flashcards

Mini-Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomy?

A

the study of the structure

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2
Q

what is physiology?

A

the study of the function

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3
Q

Define cytology and histology. How do we view these?

A

cytology: cells
histology: tissues
we view them via microscopes

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4
Q

Define the principle of complementarity.

A

function always reflects structure . What a structure can do depends in its specific form

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5
Q

What are the levels of structural organization beginning from the lowest level?

A

chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, and organismal level

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6
Q

Define and state what the chemical level is composed.

A

Atom: smallest unit of matter
Molecules: 2+ atoms joined together

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7
Q

What is the cellular level composed

A

Cells: the smallest living thing

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8
Q

Define and state what the tissue level is composed.

A

tissues: groups of similar cells that have a common fxn

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9
Q

Define and state what the organ level is composed.

A

organ: structure composed of at least 2 tissue types that performs a specific fxn

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10
Q

Define and state what the organ system is composed.

A

organ system: related organs that have a common fxn

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11
Q

List all organ systems

A

Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Digestive, Respiratory, Endocrine, Reproductive, Lymphatic, Cardiovascular, and Urinary,

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12
Q

List and define the necessary life functions.

A

Maintaining boundaries: keep internal and external envs distinct
Movement: whole body or single cells
Responsiveness: ability to sense and respond stimuli
Digestion: breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules
Metabolism: all chemical rxns that occur within body cells
Excretion: removal of wastes
Reproduction: cellular or organismal level
Growth: increase in size of a body part of organism as a whole

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13
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal env in response to an ever-changing outside world

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14
Q

What is the dynamic state of eq?

A

internal conditions vary, but within narrow limits

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15
Q

What factors are regulated to maintain homeostasis?

A

concentration of glucose, O2, CO2, water, electrolytes and waste products. pH, blood volume and pressure, and temp.

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16
Q

Of the homeostatic control mechanism, which three elements work together?

A
  1. receptor: monitors changes in a stimuli and sends input to a control center.
  2. Control center: determines set pt, receives input from a receptor, and sends output to an effector. 3. Effector: Receives output from control center and produces a response that changes value of controlled variable
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17
Q

What is negative feedback mechanism?

A

response that reduces or shuts off original stimulus, variable changes in opposite direction to initial changes, returns variable to “ideal” values.

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18
Q

what is the goal of negative feedback?

A

to prevent sudden, severe changes within the body

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19
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

response enhances or exaggerates original stimulus, variable changes in same direction as initial change (moves further away from set pt)

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20
Q

what is the goal of positive feedback?

A

to control infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustments.
examples: blood clotting and childbirth

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21
Q

Define and describe the anatomical position

A

standard frame of reference for anatomical description. body erect, feet slightly apart, palms face forward, thumbs point away from body

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22
Q

The brain is more while the feet are

A

superior(cranial) and inferior (caudal)

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23
Q

The front is considered to ___ while the back is _____

A

anterior/ventral and posterior/dorsal

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24
Q

The sternum is ____ to the shoulders while the shoulders are ___ to the sternum

A

medial and lateral

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25
Q

What terms are described when closest to the point of origin and the farthest away from the point of origin?

A

proximal and distal. typically used in reference to limbs and tubular organs

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26
Q

The heart is ____ to the sternum, while the sternum is ___ to the heart.

A

deep and superficial

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27
Q

What are the 3 planes? Describe each.

A
  1. Frontal-divides the body anterior and posterior. 2. Saggital- divides the body into right and left.
  2. Transverse- divides the body into inferior and superior
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28
Q

What are the 2 internal body cavities?

A

dorsal (back) and ventral (front)

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29
Q

What are the subdivisions of the dorsal cavity?

A

cranial and vertebral

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30
Q

What are the subdivisions of the ventral body cavity?

A

Thoracic and Abdminopelvic

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31
Q

What separates the thoracic and abdminopelvic cavities?

A

the diaphragm

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32
Q

What are the subdivisions of the thoracic cavity?

A

pleural cavities (surrounds the lungs) and mediastinum (contains pericardial cavity).

33
Q

What are the subdivisions of the abdminopelvic cavity?

A

Abdominal (contains digestive viscera) and pelvic cavity (contains urinary, bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum)

34
Q

What is the serous membrane?

A

thin, double-layered membrane that covers walls of ventral body cavities and outer surfaces of organs it contains

35
Q

What are the two types of serosa?

A

parietal-lines cavity wall and visceral covers the organs

36
Q

Which serous membrane lines walls of the abdominopelvic cavity and most organs?

A

parietal peritoneum and visceral peritoneum

37
Q

How is the abdominopelvic cavity divided?

A

into 4 quadrants

38
Q

What are the 2 types of energy?

A

kinetic ( energy in action) and potential (stored energy)

39
Q

What are the 4 forms of energy?

A

chemical, radiant, mechanical, and electrical

40
Q

What 4 elements comprise 96.1% of body mass?

A

C,N,H, and O.

41
Q

What are radioisotopes?

A

heavy isotopes that spontaneously decompose into stable forms

42
Q

What is the difference between a molecule and compound?

A

In a molecule 2+ similar atoms are held together by chemical bonds, while a compound are different atoms.

43
Q

Define and name 3 different mixtures.

A

2+ components that are physically intermixed. Solutions, collisions and suspensions

44
Q

Describe colloid mixtures.

A

Heterogenous, solute particles are large and do not settle out

45
Q

Describe suspension mixtures.

A

heterogenous, solute are large particles but settle out

46
Q

Compare mixtures and compounds

A

Mixtures: no chemical bonding, can be separated by physical means, heterogenous, or homogenous .
Compounds: chemical bonding, can be separated by breaking bonds, and homogenous.

47
Q

What are the max values of e- in each shell?

A

S1: 2
S2: 8
S3:18
S4:32

48
Q

List the types of bonding from weakest to strongest.

A

Hydrogen, ionic, and covalent

49
Q

List and define to the two types of ions.

A

Anions- negative charge and gains e- and Cations-positive charge and loses e-

50
Q

Define polar and nonpolar molecules.

A

Nonpolar- e- are shared equally and electrically balanced

Polar- e- are not shared equally and not electrically balanced

51
Q

How are molecules formed?

A

Covalent bonds

52
Q

Only ____ bonds can form between molecules

A

hydrogen

53
Q

What do formation of hydrogen bonds require?

A

hydrogen atoms and polar covalent bonds

54
Q

List what can affect chemical reactions

A

temp, catalysts, concentration, particle size, and temperature

55
Q

What are the 5 properties of water?

A

heat heat capacity and vaporization, polar solvent properties (dissociates ionic compounds), reactivity, and cushioning

56
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

substances that ionize in water and are capable of conducting an electrical currents

57
Q

What do acids release when dissolved in water

A

hydrogen ions

58
Q

what do bases release when dissolved in water?

A

hydroxyl ions

59
Q

The greater the hydrogen ions the more _____.

A

Acidic

60
Q

The lower the hydrogen ions the more _____.

A

Basic

61
Q

How do we measure pH? So solution pH of 4 has how many more H+ than pH6?

A

logarithmic and 100 times more

62
Q

What is a buffer?

A

Chemical systems that resist abrupt and large swings in pH by either release H+(rises) or binding H+(drops).

63
Q

What are 4 types of organic compounds?

A

carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

64
Q

How does dehydration synthesis form bonds?

A

removing a water molecules

65
Q

How does hydrolysis break bonds?

A

add water molecule

66
Q

What are important monosaccharides?

A

glucose, galactose, fructose, deoxyribose and ribose

67
Q

What are important disaccharides?

A

lactose, sucrose, and maltose

68
Q

What are the important polysaccharides?

A

starch-storage carbs of plants.

cellulose-structural carbs of plants and glycogen-storage carbs for animal tissues

69
Q

What are the properties of lipids?

A

insoluble in water, contain C,H,O

70
Q

What are the 3 types of lipids?

A

triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids

71
Q

What is the type of lipids that is composed of 3 FAs and 1 glycerol?

A

Triglycerides : fats when solid and oil when liquid

72
Q

What are the functions of triglycerides?

A

major form of stored energy and insulate and protect body tissues.

73
Q

What are fibrous proteins?

A

strandlike and insoluble in water to provide structural or mechanical support

74
Q

what are examples of fibrous proteins?

A

collagen, keratin, and muscle contractile proteins

75
Q

What are globular proteins?

A

spherical and water-soluble in tertiary or quaternary structures to be antibodies, hormones, and enzymes

76
Q

In what circumstances can denaturation be reversible and irreversible?

A

reversible if normal conditions are restored and irreversible if changes are extreme

77
Q

What is the role of enzymes on activation energy?

A

to decrease the amount of activation energy required

78
Q

What elements comprise nucleic acids?

A

C,O,H,P, and N

A&P I (8 decks)

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