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A&P I > Joints > Flashcards

Joints Flashcards

1
Q

What are articulations?

A

site where two bones meet to hold the skeleton together and provide motility

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2
Q

what are the three structural classes of joints? What are they based on?

A

fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial. Material binding bones together and presence or absence of joint cavity

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3
Q

what are the three classes of movement?

A

synarthroses (immovable), amphiarthroses (slightly movable) and diarthroses (freely movable)

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4
Q

What are the propertires of fibrous joints?

A

bones joined by dense connective tissue, no joint cavity, synarthrotic

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5
Q

what are the three types of fibrous joints?

A

sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses

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6
Q

what are sutures?

A

only between bones of skull, rigid, interlocking, immovable joints, in middle age sutures ossify

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7
Q

what are syndesmoses?

A

bones connected by ligaments, synarthrotic and amphithrotic

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8
Q

what are gomphoses?

A

joints of teeth with bony sockets, fibrous connection is perodontal ligament and synathrotic

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9
Q

what are the properties of cartilaginous joints?

A

bones united by cartilage, no joint cavity

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10
Q

what are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

A

synchondroses and symohyses

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11
Q

What are the properties of synchondroses? Give 2 examples

A

bones united by hyaline cartilage, all synarthroses. Epiphyseal plate and sternum and joint between first rib and sternum

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12
Q

what are the properties of symphyses? Give 2 examples

A

bones united by fibrocartilage, all are amphiarthroses. intervertebral joints and pubic symphysis

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13
Q

what are synovial joints?

A

bones separated by fluid-filled joint cavity, all are diarthroses

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14
Q

what are the 6 featured of synovial joints?

A
  1. articular cartilage
  2. joint cavity
  3. articular capsule
  4. synovial fluid
  5. reinforcing ligaments
  6. nerves and blood vessels
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15
Q

what is articular cartilage?

A

absorbs compressions, preventing crushing of bone ends (hyaline cartilage)

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16
Q

what is a joint cavity?

A

fluid-filled potential space, contains synovial fluid

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17
Q

what are the 2 components of an articular capsule?

A

fibrous layer (dense irregular connective tissue) and synovial membrane (lines fibrous layer; produces synovial fluid)

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18
Q

what is synovial fluid?

A

lubricates joint surfaces and nourishes articular cartilages through process of weeping lubrication

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19
Q

what are the three components of reinforcing ligaments?

A

capsular (thickened parts), extracapsular (outside capsule) and intracapsular (deep to capsule)

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20
Q

what are bursae?

A

fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane and containing synovial fluid, reduces friction where ligaments or tendons rub against bones

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21
Q

what are tendon sheath?

A

elongated bursa wrapped completely around tendon subjected to friction

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22
Q

what three factors influence joint stability?

A

shapes of articular surfaces, number and positioning of ligaments, and muscle tone

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23
Q

how can synovial joints be classified by range of motion?

A

nonaxial (gliding), uniaxial (one plane movement), biaxial (2 plane movement), and multiaxial (movement n all 3 planes)

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24
Q

what are gliding movements? Give 3 examples

A

one flat bone surface or slips over another. ex: intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, and between articular processes of vertebrae

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25
what are angular movements?
1. flexion (decreases angle between bones), 2. extension (increases angle between bones), 3. hyperextension (further extensions of joint beyond anatomical position) 4. abduction (movement away from midline in frontal plane) 5. adduction (movement toward body) 6. circumduction (moving a limb so it describes a cone in space
26
what are supination and pronation?
1. supination ( forearm rotates literally; palm faces anteriorly) 2. pronation (forearm rotates medially; palm faces posteriorly)
27
what is doesiflexion and plantar flexion?
1. dorsiflexion ( lifting foot so superior surface approaches skin) 2. plantar flexion (depressing foot so toes point downward)
28
what are the two movement for the foot?
inversion ( sole turns medially) and eversion (sole turns laterally)
29
what are articular discs (menisci)?
fibrocartilage that improves fit between bone ends
30
what are articular surfaces?
usually play a minor role in joint stability
31
How do ligaments influence joint stability?
ligaments prevents undesirable movements, but stabilizing role is limited
32
How does muscle tone influence joint stability?
muscle tone: low levels of contractile activity in relaxed muscles. This keeps tendons taut and is the most important stabilizing factor for most joints
33
How can joint movements be described?
via planes of space along which movement occurs (transverse, frontal, or sagittal) and axes of rotation
34
What are the three general types of movements?
gliding, angular, and rotation
35
Give 3 examples of body parts that have angular movements
neck, knee, shoulder and vertebrae
36
What is rotation? Give 3 examples
turning of bone around its own long axis. Examples: between atlas and axis
37
What are the six fundamentals types of synovial joints?
plane, hinge, pivot, ball-and-socket, condylar, and saddle.
38
What are plane joints? Provide examples.
Permits gliding movements only, and nonaxial joints. Examples: intercarpal joints, intertarsals joints, between vertebral articular surfaces
39
What are hinge joints? Provide examples.
permot flexion and extension only, uniaxial joints. Examples: elbow joints, knee joints, and interphalangeal joints
40
What are pivot joints? Provide examples
permit rotation only and uniaxial joints. Examples: joint between atlas and axis, proxmial radioulnar joints
41
What are condylar joints? Provide examples
permit flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, and circumduction, biaxial joints. Examples: metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints, wrist joints
42
What are saddle joints? Provide examples.
Condylar joints with greater range of motion. Examples: carpometacarpal joints of thumbs
43
What are ball-and-socket joints? Provide examples.
permit flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, circumduction, and rotation, multiaxial joints. Examples: shoulder and hip joints
44
What is the knee joint?
articulation of tibial and femoral condyles, primarily a hinge joint, but some rotation possible when flexed
45
Name and describe the menisci in the knee joint.
Medial and lateral menisci are c-shaped fibrocartilage discs that are deepen articular surfaces. This prevent side-to-side rocking of femur on tibia and absorption of shock
46
Name the ligaments in the knee joint
Patellar ligament, tibial collateral, fibular collateral, anterior cruciate, and posterior cruciate ligaments
47
What are the function of the tibial and fibular collateral ligaments?
prevent hyperextension and medial or lateral rotation when knee is extended
48
What is the function of the ACL?
Prevent forward sliding of tibia relative to femur
49
What is the function of the PCL?
Prevents forward sliding of femur relative to tibia
50
What lateral blows are considered to be the unhappy triad?
tibial collateral ligament, medial meniscus, and ACL
51
What mainly stabilizes the shoulder joint?
muscle tendons: tendon of long head of biceps brachii muscle
52
what is the rotator cuff?
group of four tendons that encircle shoulder joint
53
Describe the hip joint
head of femur with acetabulum of coxal bone, ball-and-socket joint and adapted for weight-bearing
54
What are the 3 factors that contribute to hip joint stabilization?
deep joint socket, thick articular capsule, and strong reinforcing ligaments
55
Describe a cartilage tear?
A causation of excessive compression and shear stress to meniscus
56
What is stretching or tearing of ligaments?
Sprains
57
What are dislocations?
bones forced out of alignment
58
What are two conditions that describe inflammation?
bursitis ( bursa inflammation) and tendonitis (tendon sheath inflammation)
59
What is the arthritis?
joint inflammation or degeneration accompanied by pain, stifffness, and swelling
60
What is considered the wear and tear arthritis n which the articular cartilage softens and degenerates with age causing spurs?
osteoarthrtis
61
If my joints begin to ossify, bone ends fuse, and joint immobilized due to inflammation of synovial membrane causing articular cartilage, what am I suffering from?
rheumatoid arthritis

A&P I (8 decks)

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