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A&P I > Joints > Flashcards

Joints Flashcards

1
Q

What are articulations?

A

site where two bones meet to hold the skeleton together and provide motility

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2
Q

what are the three structural classes of joints? What are they based on?

A

fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial. Material binding bones together and presence or absence of joint cavity

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3
Q

what are the three classes of movement?

A

synarthroses (immovable), amphiarthroses (slightly movable) and diarthroses (freely movable)

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4
Q

What are the propertires of fibrous joints?

A

bones joined by dense connective tissue, no joint cavity, synarthrotic

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5
Q

what are the three types of fibrous joints?

A

sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses

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6
Q

what are sutures?

A

only between bones of skull, rigid, interlocking, immovable joints, in middle age sutures ossify

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7
Q

what are syndesmoses?

A

bones connected by ligaments, synarthrotic and amphithrotic

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8
Q

what are gomphoses?

A

joints of teeth with bony sockets, fibrous connection is perodontal ligament and synathrotic

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9
Q

what are the properties of cartilaginous joints?

A

bones united by cartilage, no joint cavity

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10
Q

what are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

A

synchondroses and symohyses

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11
Q

What are the properties of synchondroses? Give 2 examples

A

bones united by hyaline cartilage, all synarthroses. Epiphyseal plate and sternum and joint between first rib and sternum

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12
Q

what are the properties of symphyses? Give 2 examples

A

bones united by fibrocartilage, all are amphiarthroses. intervertebral joints and pubic symphysis

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13
Q

what are synovial joints?

A

bones separated by fluid-filled joint cavity, all are diarthroses

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14
Q

what are the 6 featured of synovial joints?

A
  1. articular cartilage
  2. joint cavity
  3. articular capsule
  4. synovial fluid
  5. reinforcing ligaments
  6. nerves and blood vessels
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15
Q

what is articular cartilage?

A

absorbs compressions, preventing crushing of bone ends (hyaline cartilage)

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16
Q

what is a joint cavity?

A

fluid-filled potential space, contains synovial fluid

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17
Q

what are the 2 components of an articular capsule?

A

fibrous layer (dense irregular connective tissue) and synovial membrane (lines fibrous layer; produces synovial fluid)

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18
Q

what is synovial fluid?

A

lubricates joint surfaces and nourishes articular cartilages through process of weeping lubrication

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19
Q

what are the three components of reinforcing ligaments?

A

capsular (thickened parts), extracapsular (outside capsule) and intracapsular (deep to capsule)

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20
Q

what are bursae?

A

fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane and containing synovial fluid, reduces friction where ligaments or tendons rub against bones

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21
Q

what are tendon sheath?

A

elongated bursa wrapped completely around tendon subjected to friction

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22
Q

what three factors influence joint stability?

A

shapes of articular surfaces, number and positioning of ligaments, and muscle tone

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23
Q

how can synovial joints be classified by range of motion?

A

nonaxial (gliding), uniaxial (one plane movement), biaxial (2 plane movement), and multiaxial (movement n all 3 planes)

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24
Q

what are gliding movements? Give 3 examples

A

one flat bone surface or slips over another. ex: intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, and between articular processes of vertebrae

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25
Q

what are angular movements?

A
  1. flexion (decreases angle between bones), 2. extension (increases angle between bones), 3. hyperextension (further extensions of joint beyond anatomical position)
  2. abduction (movement away from midline in frontal plane)
  3. adduction (movement toward body)
  4. circumduction (moving a limb so it describes a cone in space
26
Q

what are supination and pronation?

A
  1. supination ( forearm rotates literally; palm faces anteriorly)
  2. pronation (forearm rotates medially; palm faces posteriorly)
27
Q

what is doesiflexion and plantar flexion?

A
  1. dorsiflexion ( lifting foot so superior surface approaches skin)
  2. plantar flexion (depressing foot so toes point downward)
28
Q

what are the two movement for the foot?

A

inversion ( sole turns medially) and eversion (sole turns laterally)

29
Q

what are articular discs (menisci)?

A

fibrocartilage that improves fit between bone ends

30
Q

what are articular surfaces?

A

usually play a minor role in joint stability

31
Q

How do ligaments influence joint stability?

A

ligaments prevents undesirable movements, but stabilizing role is limited

32
Q

How does muscle tone influence joint stability?

A

muscle tone: low levels of contractile activity in relaxed muscles. This keeps tendons taut and is the most important stabilizing factor for most joints

33
Q

How can joint movements be described?

A

via planes of space along which movement occurs (transverse, frontal, or sagittal) and axes of rotation

34
Q

What are the three general types of movements?

A

gliding, angular, and rotation

35
Q

Give 3 examples of body parts that have angular movements

A

neck, knee, shoulder and vertebrae

36
Q

What is rotation? Give 3 examples

A

turning of bone around its own long axis. Examples: between atlas and axis

37
Q

What are the six fundamentals types of synovial joints?

A

plane, hinge, pivot, ball-and-socket, condylar, and saddle.

38
Q

What are plane joints? Provide examples.

A

Permits gliding movements only, and nonaxial joints. Examples: intercarpal joints, intertarsals joints, between vertebral articular surfaces

39
Q

What are hinge joints? Provide examples.

A

permot flexion and extension only, uniaxial joints. Examples: elbow joints, knee joints, and interphalangeal joints

40
Q

What are pivot joints? Provide examples

A

permit rotation only and uniaxial joints. Examples: joint between atlas and axis, proxmial radioulnar joints

41
Q

What are condylar joints? Provide examples

A

permit flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, and circumduction, biaxial joints. Examples: metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints, wrist joints

42
Q

What are saddle joints? Provide examples.

A

Condylar joints with greater range of motion. Examples: carpometacarpal joints of thumbs

43
Q

What are ball-and-socket joints? Provide examples.

A

permit flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, circumduction, and rotation, multiaxial joints. Examples: shoulder and hip joints

44
Q

What is the knee joint?

A

articulation of tibial and femoral condyles, primarily a hinge joint, but some rotation possible when flexed

45
Q

Name and describe the menisci in the knee joint.

A

Medial and lateral menisci are c-shaped fibrocartilage discs that are deepen articular surfaces. This prevent side-to-side rocking of femur on tibia and absorption of shock

46
Q

Name the ligaments in the knee joint

A

Patellar ligament, tibial collateral, fibular collateral, anterior cruciate, and posterior cruciate ligaments

47
Q

What are the function of the tibial and fibular collateral ligaments?

A

prevent hyperextension and medial or lateral rotation when knee is extended

48
Q

What is the function of the ACL?

A

Prevent forward sliding of tibia relative to femur

49
Q

What is the function of the PCL?

A

Prevents forward sliding of femur relative to tibia

50
Q

What lateral blows are considered to be the unhappy triad?

A

tibial collateral ligament, medial meniscus, and ACL

51
Q

What mainly stabilizes the shoulder joint?

A

muscle tendons: tendon of long head of biceps brachii muscle

52
Q

what is the rotator cuff?

A

group of four tendons that encircle shoulder joint

53
Q

Describe the hip joint

A

head of femur with acetabulum of coxal bone, ball-and-socket joint and adapted for weight-bearing

54
Q

What are the 3 factors that contribute to hip joint stabilization?

A

deep joint socket, thick articular capsule, and strong reinforcing ligaments

55
Q

Describe a cartilage tear?

A

A causation of excessive compression and shear stress to meniscus

56
Q

What is stretching or tearing of ligaments?

A

Sprains

57
Q

What are dislocations?

A

bones forced out of alignment

58
Q

What are two conditions that describe inflammation?

A

bursitis ( bursa inflammation) and tendonitis (tendon sheath inflammation)

59
Q

What is the arthritis?

A

joint inflammation or degeneration accompanied by pain, stifffness, and swelling

60
Q

What is considered the wear and tear arthritis n which the articular cartilage softens and degenerates with age causing spurs?

A

osteoarthrtis

61
Q

If my joints begin to ossify, bone ends fuse, and joint immobilized due to inflammation of synovial membrane causing articular cartilage, what am I suffering from?

A

rheumatoid arthritis

A&P I (8 decks)

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