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A&P I > Brain > Flashcards

Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What is cephalization?

A

evolutionary development of anterior portion of CNS

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2
Q

What are the regions of an adult brain?

A

cerebral hemisheres, diencephalon, brain stem and cerebellum

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3
Q

Describe the two types of tissues?

A

gray matter which are mostly neuron cell bodies and white matter that bundles of myelinated axons

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4
Q

What are the gray cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum composed?

A

outer gray matter cortex

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5
Q

Which region of the brain is all gray matter?

A

diencephalon

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6
Q

What does the brain stem consist?

A

cortex absent, gray matter nuclei scattered within white matter

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7
Q

what are the surface markings of the brain?

A

gyri (ridges), sluci (shallow grooves) and fissures (deep grooves)

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8
Q

What are the 5 lobes?

A

Insula, Parietal, Frontal, Temporal, and Occipital

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9
Q

What separates the frontal and parietal lobes?

A

central sulcus; precentral gyrus (frontal) and postcentral gyrus (parietal)

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10
Q

what separates the temporal from parietal and frontal?

A

lateral sulcus

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11
Q

where is the insula located?

A

deep within lateral sulcus

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12
Q

What are the three basic regions of the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Cerebral cortex., white matter and basal nuclei

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13
Q

Describe the cerebral cortex?

A

site of conscious mind, awareness of sensation, voluntary movements and cognitive functions. Thin superficial layer of gray matter

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14
Q

What are the three types of functional areas in the cerebral cortex?

A

motor (voluntary), sensory (conscious awareness of sensation) and association (integrate diverse info)

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15
Q

what are some characteristics of the cerebral cortex?

A

each hemisphere is concerned with conlateral side of the body. lateralization of functions, and conscious behavior involves entire cortex in some way

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16
Q

Where are the motor areas in the brain?

A

frontal lobe

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17
Q

what are the four areas of the frontal lobe?

A

Broca’s area, primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, and frontal eye field

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18
Q

Describe the primary motor cortex?

A

in the precentral gyrus, allows conscious control of precise skilled, skeletal muscle movement

19
Q

What are the primary motor cortex components?

A

contains large neurons (pyramidal cells) and long axons

20
Q

T or F. Motor innervation is not contralateral

A

F, it is

21
Q

What are the functions of the premotor cortex?

A

helps plan movements, staging area for skilled motor activities, coordinates movement of several muscle groups and control voluntary actions that depend on sensory feedback

22
Q

What is Broca’s area?

A

motor speech that directs muscles in speech production

23
Q

what does the frontal eye field control?

A

voluntary eye movement

24
Q

what are the three multimodal regions?

A

anterior association cortex/prefrontal cortex, posterior association cortex and limbic system

25
Q

what is the function of the prefrontal cortex?

A

involved with planning, decision making, and personality. Contains working memory needed for reasoning and planning

26
Q

what are the functions of the posterior association areas?

A

binding different sensory inputs into a coherent whole, recognizing patterns and faces, and localizing one’s body in space

27
Q

what allows communication between cerebral hemispheres?

A

cerebral white matter

28
Q

what are three types of cerebral white matter fibers?

A

commisural, association, and projection

29
Q

which fibers connect the same part of the hemisphere?

A

association fibers

30
Q

which fibers form the corpus callosum by connection corresponding gray areas of 2 hemispheres?

A

commisural fibers

31
Q

what regions or parts do projection fibers connect?

A

connect cerebral cortex with lower brain centers and spinal cord

32
Q

what is the masses of gray matter deep within cerebral white matter function?

A

the basal nuclei functions to start, stop, and regulate intensity of movements and inhibiting antagonistic or unnecessary movements

33
Q

Describe Parkinson’s disease.

A

disorder of basal nuclei associated with increased rigidity, unwanted movements, and slowness in initiating and executing movements

34
Q

Name the three regions that make up the diencephalon?

A

hypothalamus, thalamus, and epithalamus

35
Q

Which region is 80% of the diencephalon?

A

the thalamus which is a relay station for information coming into cerebral cortex, incoming sensory impulses are sorted, edited, and relayed by the thalamus to appropriate sensory cortex

36
Q

What are the function of the hypothalamus?

A

controls ANS, initiates physical responses to emotions, regulates body temp, food intake, water balance and thirst, sleep-wake cycles, and controls endocrine system functions

37
Q

what lies most dorsal of the diencephalon?

A

the epithalamus which has the pineal body attached that secretes melatonin

38
Q

name the three regions that are located between the dincephalon and spinal cord?

A

midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata, which make up the brain stem

39
Q

what is the brain stem made up of?

A

similar to spinal cord but has gray matter nuclei embedded in white matter

40
Q

what is the function of the brain stem?

A

provided pathway for fiber tracts between brain and spinal cord along with controlling automatic behavior necessary for survival

41
Q

the cerebral peduncles are a part of what region?

A

the midbrain

42
Q

name the three gray matter nuclei in the midbrain?

A

corpora quadrigemina, substantia nigra, and red nucleus

43
Q

what are parts of the corpora quadrigemina?

A

superior colliculi (visual reflex centers) and inferior colliculi (auditory reflex centers) the main reason one gets startled

44
Q

what is the name for the fibers of pyramids cross overs

A

Decussation of the pyramids

A&P I (8 decks)

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