Brain

Question 1

What is cephalization?

Answer 1

evolutionary development of anterior portion of CNS

Question 2

What are the regions of an adult brain?

Answer 2

cerebral hemisheres, diencephalon, brain stem and cerebellum

Question 3

Describe the two types of tissues?

Answer 3

gray matter which are mostly neuron cell bodies and white matter that bundles of myelinated axons

Question 4

What are the gray cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum composed?

Answer 4

outer gray matter cortex

Question 5

Which region of the brain is all gray matter?

Answer 5

diencephalon

Question 6

What does the brain stem consist?

Answer 6

cortex absent, gray matter nuclei scattered within white matter

Question 7

what are the surface markings of the brain?

Answer 7

gyri (ridges), sluci (shallow grooves) and fissures (deep grooves)

Question 8

What are the 5 lobes?

Answer 8

Insula, Parietal, Frontal, Temporal, and Occipital

Question 9

What separates the frontal and parietal lobes?

Answer 9

central sulcus; precentral gyrus (frontal) and postcentral gyrus (parietal)

Question 10

what separates the temporal from parietal and frontal?

Answer 10

lateral sulcus

Question 11

where is the insula located?

Answer 11

deep within lateral sulcus

Question 12

What are the three basic regions of the cerebral hemispheres?

Answer 12

Cerebral cortex., white matter and basal nuclei

Question 13

Describe the cerebral cortex?

Answer 13

site of conscious mind, awareness of sensation, voluntary movements and cognitive functions. Thin superficial layer of gray matter

Question 14

What are the three types of functional areas in the cerebral cortex?

Answer 14

motor (voluntary), sensory (conscious awareness of sensation) and association (integrate diverse info)

Question 15

what are some characteristics of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 15

each hemisphere is concerned with conlateral side of the body. lateralization of functions, and conscious behavior involves entire cortex in some way

Question 16

Where are the motor areas in the brain?

Answer 16

frontal lobe

Question 17

what are the four areas of the frontal lobe?

Answer 17

Broca’s area, primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, and frontal eye field

Question 18

Describe the primary motor cortex?

Answer 18

in the precentral gyrus, allows conscious control of precise skilled, skeletal muscle movement

Question 19

What are the primary motor cortex components?

Answer 19

contains large neurons (pyramidal cells) and long axons

Question 20

T or F. Motor innervation is not contralateral

Answer 20

F, it is

Question 21

What are the functions of the premotor cortex?

Answer 21

helps plan movements, staging area for skilled motor activities, coordinates movement of several muscle groups and control voluntary actions that depend on sensory feedback

Question 22

What is Broca’s area?

Answer 22

motor speech that directs muscles in speech production

Question 23

what does the frontal eye field control?

Answer 23

voluntary eye movement

Question 24

what are the three multimodal regions?

Answer 24

anterior association cortex/prefrontal cortex, posterior association cortex and limbic system

Question 25

what is the function of the prefrontal cortex?

Answer 25

involved with planning, decision making, and personality. Contains working memory needed for reasoning and planning

Question 26

what are the functions of the posterior association areas?

Answer 26

binding different sensory inputs into a coherent whole, recognizing patterns and faces, and localizing one's body in space

Question 27

what allows communication between cerebral hemispheres?

Answer 27

cerebral white matter

Question 28

what are three types of cerebral white matter fibers?

Answer 28

commisural, association, and projection

Question 29

which fibers connect the same part of the hemisphere?

Answer 29

association fibers

Question 30

which fibers form the corpus callosum by connection corresponding gray areas of 2 hemispheres?

Answer 30

commisural fibers

Question 31

what regions or parts do projection fibers connect?

Answer 31

connect cerebral cortex with lower brain centers and spinal cord

Question 32

what is the masses of gray matter deep within cerebral white matter function?

Answer 32

the basal nuclei functions to start, stop, and regulate intensity of movements and inhibiting antagonistic or unnecessary movements

Question 33

Describe Parkinson's disease.

Answer 33

disorder of basal nuclei associated with increased rigidity, unwanted movements, and slowness in initiating and executing movements

Question 34

Name the three regions that make up the diencephalon?

Answer 34

hypothalamus, thalamus, and epithalamus

Question 35

Which region is 80% of the diencephalon?

Answer 35

the thalamus which is a relay station for information coming into cerebral cortex, incoming sensory impulses are sorted, edited, and relayed by the thalamus to appropriate sensory cortex

Question 36

What are the function of the hypothalamus?

Answer 36

controls ANS, initiates physical responses to emotions, regulates body temp, food intake, water balance and thirst, sleep-wake cycles, and controls endocrine system functions

Question 37

what lies most dorsal of the diencephalon?

Answer 37

the epithalamus which has the pineal body attached that secretes melatonin

Question 38

name the three regions that are located between the dincephalon and spinal cord?

Answer 38

midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata, which make up the brain stem

Question 39

what is the brain stem made up of?

Answer 39

similar to spinal cord but has gray matter nuclei embedded in white matter

Question 40

what is the function of the brain stem?

Answer 40

provided pathway for fiber tracts between brain and spinal cord along with controlling automatic behavior necessary for survival

Question 41

the cerebral peduncles are a part of what region?

Answer 41

the midbrain

Question 42

name the three gray matter nuclei in the midbrain?

Answer 42

corpora quadrigemina, substantia nigra, and red nucleus

Question 43

what are parts of the corpora quadrigemina?

Answer 43

superior colliculi (visual reflex centers) and inferior colliculi (auditory reflex centers) the main reason one gets startled

Question 44

what is the name for the fibers of pyramids cross overs

Answer 44

Decussation of the pyramids