Muscles Flashcards

on exam one

1
Q

What are the three types of muscle?

A

cardiac, smooth, skeletal

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2
Q

A muscle is made up of ____ which are made of ____ which are made up of _____

A

fascicles; fibers; myofibrils

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3
Q

Endomysium

A

inner covering of myofibrils

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4
Q

Perimysium

A

covers fasicles

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5
Q

Epimysium

A

covers muscle

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6
Q

The endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium make up what?

A

the fascia

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7
Q

What is the cell membrane of a muscle cell/fiber called?

A

sarcolemma

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8
Q

Where is calicum stored?

A

the sarcoplasmic reticulum

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9
Q

T-tubules

A

where electrical signals travel down

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10
Q

Basement membrane of the sarcolemma?

A

plasmalemma

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11
Q

Where are the receptors for acetylcholine?

A

plasmalemma

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12
Q

When an electrical signal travels down the t-tubules and depolarization occurs what happens with the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

it releases calcium

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13
Q

What is a myofibril made up of?

A

tiny contractile units called sarcomeres

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14
Q

How many major proteins does each sarcomere have?

A

four

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15
Q

What are the four proteins?

A

actin, myosin, troponin, tropomyosin

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16
Q

Which two proteins are directly responsible for muscle contraction?

A

actin and myosin

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17
Q

Which protein has calcium receptors to tell them to move?

A

troponin

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18
Q

Troponin has to move in order for what to happen?

A

for tropomyosin to unravel

19
Q

What are the three types of muscle contractions?

A

isometric, isotonic, isokinetic

20
Q

What is an isometric contraction?

A

force is applied but no movement occurs; it’s a static contraction

21
Q

What is an isotonic contraction?

A

force is applied and there is movement

22
Q

What is an isokinetic contraction?

A

force is applied and movement occurs, but there is no sticking point (constant velocity)

23
Q

What is the best contraction type for rehab?

24
Q

What contraction type needs specialized equipment?

A

isokinetic

25
What is the main contraction type when working out in the gym?
isotonic
26
Isotonic has two phases of contraction
concentric and eccentric
27
Concentric
shortening a muscle
28
Eccentric
making a longer muscle (returning it to normal)
29
Which phase causes the most damage to a muscle?
eccentric
30
What are the five characteristics of a muscle?
contractibility, extensibility, elasticity, excitability, all or nothing principle
31
Contractibility
ability to contract/shorten
32
Extensibility
ability to lengthen
33
Elasticity
ability to stretch
34
Excitability
ability to be stimulated by nervous system
35
All or nothing principle
a muscle either contracts all the way or not at all
36
What is burned up every time actin hooks to myosin?
ATP is used and calories are burnt
37
Another name for the motor unit
excitation-contraction coupling
38
Type 1 fibers
-slow twitch, endurance -aerobic -lots of myoglobin -red -burn fat
39
Type 2 fibers
-fast twitch, sprint -anaerobic -very little myoglobin -white -burns carbs
40
What enzyme splits ATP
ATPase
41
Which fiber type has a more highly developed sarcoplasmic reticulum?
type 2
42
Which fiber type has a smaller cell body?
type 1
43
Which fiber type hypertrophies more readily?
type 2
44
What principle says that we always start with type 1 fibers then type 2 takes over
principle of orderly recruitment or the size principle