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Exercise physiology > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

on exam one

1
Q

What are the three types of muscle?

A

cardiac, smooth, skeletal

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2
Q

A muscle is made up of ____ which are made of ____ which are made up of _____

A

fascicles; fibers; myofibrils

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3
Q

Endomysium

A

inner covering of myofibrils

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4
Q

Perimysium

A

covers fasicles

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5
Q

Epimysium

A

covers muscle

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6
Q

The endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium make up what?

A

the fascia

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7
Q

What is the cell membrane of a muscle cell/fiber called?

A

sarcolemma

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8
Q

Where is calicum stored?

A

the sarcoplasmic reticulum

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9
Q

T-tubules

A

where electrical signals travel down

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10
Q

Basement membrane of the sarcolemma?

A

plasmalemma

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11
Q

Where are the receptors for acetylcholine?

A

plasmalemma

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12
Q

When an electrical signal travels down the t-tubules and depolarization occurs what happens with the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

it releases calcium

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13
Q

What is a myofibril made up of?

A

tiny contractile units called sarcomeres

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14
Q

How many major proteins does each sarcomere have?

A

four

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15
Q

What are the four proteins?

A

actin, myosin, troponin, tropomyosin

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16
Q

Which two proteins are directly responsible for muscle contraction?

A

actin and myosin

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17
Q

Which protein has calcium receptors to tell them to move?

A

troponin

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18
Q

Troponin has to move in order for what to happen?

A

for tropomyosin to unravel

19
Q

What are the three types of muscle contractions?

A

isometric, isotonic, isokinetic

20
Q

What is an isometric contraction?

A

force is applied but no movement occurs; it’s a static contraction

21
Q

What is an isotonic contraction?

A

force is applied and there is movement

22
Q

What is an isokinetic contraction?

A

force is applied and movement occurs, but there is no sticking point (constant velocity)

23
Q

What is the best contraction type for rehab?

A

isometric

24
Q

What contraction type needs specialized equipment?

A

isokinetic

25
Q

What is the main contraction type when working out in the gym?

A

isotonic

26
Q

Isotonic has two phases of contraction

A

concentric and eccentric

27
Q

Concentric

A

shortening a muscle

28
Q

Eccentric

A

making a longer muscle (returning it to normal)

29
Q

Which phase causes the most damage to a muscle?

A

eccentric

30
Q

What are the five characteristics of a muscle?

A

contractibility, extensibility, elasticity, excitability, all or nothing principle

31
Q

Contractibility

A

ability to contract/shorten

32
Q

Extensibility

A

ability to lengthen

33
Q

Elasticity

A

ability to stretch

34
Q

Excitability

A

ability to be stimulated by nervous system

35
Q

All or nothing principle

A

a muscle either contracts all the way or not at all

36
Q

What is burned up every time actin hooks to myosin?

A

ATP is used and calories are burnt

37
Q

Another name for the motor unit

A

excitation-contraction coupling

38
Q

Type 1 fibers

A

-slow twitch, endurance
-aerobic
-lots of myoglobin
-red
-burn fat

39
Q

Type 2 fibers

A

-fast twitch, sprint
-anaerobic
-very little myoglobin
-white
-burns carbs

40
Q

What enzyme splits ATP

A

ATPase

41
Q

Which fiber type has a more highly developed sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

type 2

42
Q

Which fiber type has a smaller cell body?

A

type 1

43
Q

Which fiber type hypertrophies more readily?

A

type 2

44
Q

What principle says that we always start with type 1 fibers then type 2 takes over

A

principle of orderly recruitment or the size principle

Exercise physiology (7 decks)

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