exam 2 Flashcards
made in fat cells and decreases appetite
leptin
made in the gut and increases appetite
ghrelin
made in skeletal muscle, changing white fat to brown
irisin
anabolic agent secreted from the pancreas
insulin
cells increase receptors to become more sensitive
up regulation
lipid soluble category of hormones
steroid hormones
catecholamine from sympathetic nervous system
epinephrine
anabolic agent made in REM
testosterone
uses direct gene activation
steroid hormones
released during hypoglycemia
glucagon
synonym for adrenaline
epinephrine
uses cAMP as a second messenger
non-steroidal hormones
another name for prostaglandins
autocrines
anabolic agent made in non-REM
growth hormone
gland secreting T3 and T4
thyroid
organ responsible for fluid regulation
kidney
category of hormones formed from amino acids
non-steroidal hormones
building up of tissues and bodily processes
anabolic
made in the ovaries and gives feminine traits
estrogen
causes the body to retain water
antidiuretic hormone
released during hyperglycemic periods
insulin
can be acute or chronic and made in times of stress
cortisol
where catecholamines are made
adrenal medulla
all tissues or glands that secrete hormones
endocrine system
five hormones that control the rate of lipolysis
epinephrine, norepinephrine, growth hormone, glucagon, cortisol
increases reuptake of sodium
aldosterone
mature red blood cells
erythrocytes
percentage of total blood volume composed of cells
hematocrit
makes up the greatest percentage of blood
plasma
receptors that modify blood pressure dependent on chemical environments
chemoreceptors
specialized pressure sensors in arteries controlling blood pressure
baroreceptors
occurs in arteries to digestive system during excercise
vasoconstriction
pressure in artery when ventricle is filling
diastolic blood pressure
resistance vessels controlling blood flow to specific tissues
arterioles
largest artery
aorta
amount of blood pumped in one contraction
stroke volume
returns blood to the heart from the brain
superior vena cava
resting heart rate greater than 100 bpm
tachycardia
printout of the electrical activity of the heart
electrocardiogram
the natural pacemaker establishing the sinus rhythm
SA node
accumulation of plaque and inflammation in coronary arteries
artherosclerosis
heart chamber that must contract the hardest
left ventricle
heart chamber containing the SA node
right atrium
tough sac containing the heart
pericardium
the chamber that collects blood returning from the lungs
left atrium
the only blood vessels leaving the heart that contain deoxygenated blood
pulmonary arteries
separates the right ventricle from the right atrium
tricuspid valve
separates the right side of the heart from the left
septum
the inner most layer of the heart
endocardium
the mineral responsible for the heart’s contraction
calcium
terminal branches of the AV bundle
purkinje fibers
the bottom region of the heart producing a point-like shape
apex
what does Q stand for
cardiac output
what do arterioles branch into
capillaries
an iron containing protein carrying oxygen
hemoglobin
the preferred way to measure energy expenditure
indirect calorimetry
taking in oxygen and giving off CO2
aerobic
measures the max volume of oxygen that you can take in, use, and turn into CO2
VO2 max test
VO2 max testing ends when the participant goes _____
anaerobic
calculates estimated VO2 max
haldane transformation
the exchange between oxygen and CO2
respiratory exchange ratio
you burn more carbs when your RER is
higher
RER value at rest
0.85
what nutrient isn’t counted in RER that makes it inaccurate
protein
fast twitch fibers have less
mitochondria
epoc is always in the presence of oxygen and uses what as fuel
fat
the point where not enough becomes too much and the body can no longer clear lactate and exercise intensity must drop
lactate threshold
when a muscle cannot clear lactate it becomes
acidic
as someone becomes more skilled the energy demands of that activity lower
economy of effort
high VO2 max
high lactate threshold
high economy of effort
practice
characteristics of a successful athlete
overtraining is not reversible but ____ is
fatigue
energy system can no longer supply ATP, build up of H+ and inability to clear lactate, failure of motor unit contraction
causes of fatigue
three types of fatigue
muscle fatigue, energy system fatigue, neural fatigue
muscle fiber that stores more glycogen
fast twitch
central government theory
brain says we’re done
run to the damaged area to cause inflammation and healing
cytokines
within several hours of exercise and results from a build up of end products in a muscle
acute muscle soreness
excessive amounts of water in a muscle
edema
from eccentric contractions causing ruptures in the muscle
delayed onset muscle soreness
Q with a dot over it stands for
cardiac output
Q=HR x ____
SV (stroke volume)
a larger heart will have a ____ heart rate and ____ stroke volume
lower, higher
the amount of blood in the left ventricle after it has filled
end diastolic volume
the amount of blood left in the left ventricle after contracting
end systolic volume
why is EDV higher when you are laying down?
because the heart does not have to fight gravity to fill back up
loading the heart before you push (another name for EDV)
preload
what is loaded into the left ventricle after the push (another name for ESV)
afterload
why do athletes have a lower afterload?
they have a stronger heart so they can push more out
vessel gets smaller
vasocontriction
redistribution at the tissues is controlled by our nerves
extrinsic neural control
resistance to flow increase as what increases
blood viscosity
moving gases from outside into the lungs then blood then tissues
external respiration
respiration becomes internal once what
gases reach the tissues
breathing in is an ____ process that involves the diaphragm moving up
active
breathing out is a ____ process
passive
when pressure x volume is constant, pressure within the lungs decreases so it is less than the pressure outside the body and air rushes in
boyle’s law
measures how much air you can breathe in and out of your lungs, and how easy it is for you to blow air out of lungs
spirometry
oxygen moves from ____ to ____ in the body
high to low
the total pressure of all gases in the body is equal to the sum of all the partial pressures
dalton’s law
gases dissolve in liquids in proportion to their partial pressures due to their solubility and temperature
henry’s law
gases are going to diffuse through a tissue dependent on the surface area and their partial pressures
fick’s law
air diffuses through what tissue into the bloodstream to travel to the tissues that are excercising
alveoli tissue
hemoglobin has how many spots for oxygen
4
a hemoglobin that has all four oxygen spots filled is
saturated
ability to attract something
affinity
higher affinity hemoglobin have
higher amounts of oxygen
temperature increases
increase of need
increase of pressure due to breathing in more air
reasons why oxygen diffusion rate goes up during exercise
difference is small when the body is at rest and larger when excercising
AVO2 difference
hypothetical line that tells you how fast oxygen jumps off as you start to exercise
oxygen dissociation curve
another name for adult hemoglobin
HbA
if more oxygen is needed it will dissociate
more readily
which direction does the oxygen dissociation curve shift when you work harder
right
when are the only two times the oxygen dissociation curve will go slightly left
in very cold weather and when the body is shutting down
what is it called when the oxygen dissociation curve shifts right
bohr effect
H2O forms with what to form carbonic acid (bicarbonate)
plasma
hemoglobin that has moved into a muscle
myoglobin
most likely necessary to occur to maximize the training response
DOMS
the primary initiator of DOMS
eccentric contractions
enlarging of blood vessel diameter and allows blood to divert where needed
vasodilation
anabolic hormone made during REM that increases when insulin drops
growth hormone
measuring gas exchange without heat release
indirect calorimetry
1/3 CHO
2/3 fat
make up of RER at rest
220 - age = ?
estimated maximum heart rate
high resting heart rate over 100 bpm
tachycardia
red blood cell content increases while plasma percentage decreases
hemoconcentration
what is thought to cause hemoconcentration
increased sweating
caused by muscle streaming damage and necessary for hypertrophy
DOMS
made from cholesterol and readily cross the cell membrane
steroid hormones
decreases sweat’s sodium content
aldosterone
explains how air moves into the lungs
boyle’s law
binds oxygen for transport in the lungs and is saturated with 4 molecules
hemoglobin
increased oxygen dissociation/unloading
oxygen dissociation curve shifts right
controls T3 and T4 and is a thyroid hormone
TSH
cause soreness and pain due to muscle protein damage and the cause of DOMS
eccentric contractions
the volume of venous blood returned and ventricular distensibility, also known as the preload
end diastolic volume
the top number that is higher during blood pressure readings and increases during exercise
systolic
cleaves glycerol from a triglyceride and is a feminine characteristic hormone
estrogen
a decrease in heart rate, a decrease in blood pressure, removal of lactate, restore body temp, store glycogen
excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)
organ responsible for proper blood pH
kidneys
what is the proper blood pH
7.35-7.45
when the kidneys sense low blood volume and pressure what is released
renin
gold standard for oxidative metabolism test
VO2 max
heart muscle
myocardium
the largest influence on daily caloric expenditure
physical activity
the point at which blood lactate increases above resting conditions, a shift from aerobic to anaerobic glycolysis
lactate threshold
hormone like substances acting locally
autocrines
another name for autocriens
prostaglandins
high VO2 max, high lactate threshold, high % slow twitch
characteristics of successful endurance athletes
a commonly used anaerobic assessment where the participant does 50 seconds of all out pedaling on cycle ergometer
wingate test
glucocorticoid increasing glucose synthesis
cortisol
an increase in heart rate prior to the start of exercise
anticipatory response
what is thought to cause the anticipatory response
catecholamine release
tough membrane sac of the heart
pericardium
the target for glucagon
liver
PO2 decreases, pH decreases, temperature increases due to an increase in endurance intensity
ventilation increase
RER of 1.0
intense glycolysis
decrement to performance that is reversible by rest
fatigue
PCr depletion, lowered pH, glycogen depletion, extreme increase in temperature
fatigue
how the majority of CO2 is carried in the blood
bicarbonate ions
H+ binds to what to remove CO2
bicarbonate
what has a greater affinity for O2 than hemoglobin
myoglobin
increases at high sympathetic exercise intensity
epinephrine
as O2 difference increases
venous oxygen concentration decreases
clinical RMR
basal metabolic rate
increase lipolysis
decreasing insulin
triggers a response in effort to restore normalcy by moving a factor in opposite direction
negative feedback
secreted by kidneys and stimulate red blood cell production
erythropoietin
also known as afterload
end systolic volume
a type of white blood cell
neutrophil
pain felt during and immediately after exercise
acute muscle soreness
generally not directly related to fatigue but is a source of fuel
lactic acid
ion that leaves the intracellular space, decreasing membrane potential and causing fatigue
potassium
belief that the brain can limit power output by reducing recruitment of muscle fibers
central government theory
decrements in muscular performance reversible by rest
fatigue
a strong determinant of an athlete’s optimal pace in endurance events, expressed as a percentage of VO2 max
lactate threshold
the elevated metabolic rate above resting levels that occurs during the recovery period after exercise has ceased
EPOC
the minimum amount of energy required by the body to sustain basic cellular functions
basal metabolic rate
the largest influence of daily caloric expenditure
physical activity
the difference between the oxygen required for a given exercise intensity and the actual oxygen consumption
oxygen deficit
best single measurement of cardiorespiratory endurance and referred to as aerobic capacity
VO2 max
heat production is not directly measure but respiratory gas exchange is determined
indirect calorimetry
generally expressed relative to body weight in milliliters of oxygen consumed per kilogram of body weight per minute
VO2 max
