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Exercise physiology > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

made in fat cells and decreases appetite

A

leptin

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2
Q

made in the gut and increases appetite

A

ghrelin

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3
Q

made in skeletal muscle, changing white fat to brown

A

irisin

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4
Q

anabolic agent secreted from the pancreas

A

insulin

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5
Q

cells increase receptors to become more sensitive

A

up regulation

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6
Q

lipid soluble category of hormones

A

steroid hormones

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7
Q

catecholamine from sympathetic nervous system

A

epinephrine

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8
Q

anabolic agent made in REM

A

testosterone

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9
Q

uses direct gene activation

A

steroid hormones

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10
Q

released during hypoglycemia

A

glucagon

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11
Q

synonym for adrenaline

A

epinephrine

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12
Q

uses cAMP as a second messenger

A

non-steroidal hormones

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13
Q

another name for prostaglandins

A

autocrines

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14
Q

anabolic agent made in non-REM

A

growth hormone

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15
Q

gland secreting T3 and T4

A

thyroid

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16
Q

organ responsible for fluid regulation

A

kidney

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17
Q

category of hormones formed from amino acids

A

non-steroidal hormones

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18
Q

building up of tissues and bodily processes

A

anabolic

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19
Q

made in the ovaries and gives feminine traits

A

estrogen

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20
Q

causes the body to retain water

A

antidiuretic hormone

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21
Q

released during hyperglycemic periods

A

insulin

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22
Q

can be acute or chronic and made in times of stress

A

cortisol

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23
Q

where catecholamines are made

A

adrenal medulla

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24
Q

all tissues or glands that secrete hormones

A

endocrine system

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25
Q

five hormones that control the rate of lipolysis

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine, growth hormone, glucagon, cortisol

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26
Q

increases reuptake of sodium

A

aldosterone

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27
Q

mature red blood cells

A

erythrocytes

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28
Q

percentage of total blood volume composed of cells

A

hematocrit

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29
Q

makes up the greatest percentage of blood

A

plasma

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30
Q

receptors that modify blood pressure dependent on chemical environments

A

chemoreceptors

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31
Q

specialized pressure sensors in arteries controlling blood pressure

A

baroreceptors

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32
Q

occurs in arteries to digestive system during excercise

A

vasoconstriction

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33
Q

pressure in artery when ventricle is filling

A

diastolic blood pressure

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34
Q

resistance vessels controlling blood flow to specific tissues

A

arterioles

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35
Q

largest artery

A

aorta

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36
Q

amount of blood pumped in one contraction

A

stroke volume

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37
Q

returns blood to the heart from the brain

A

superior vena cava

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38
Q

resting heart rate greater than 100 bpm

A

tachycardia

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39
Q

printout of the electrical activity of the heart

A

electrocardiogram

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40
Q

the natural pacemaker establishing the sinus rhythm

A

SA node

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41
Q

accumulation of plaque and inflammation in coronary arteries

A

artherosclerosis

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42
Q

heart chamber that must contract the hardest

A

left ventricle

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43
Q

heart chamber containing the SA node

A

right atrium

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44
Q

tough sac containing the heart

A

pericardium

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45
Q

the chamber that collects blood returning from the lungs

A

left atrium

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46
Q

the only blood vessels leaving the heart that contain deoxygenated blood

A

pulmonary arteries

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47
Q

separates the right ventricle from the right atrium

A

tricuspid valve

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48
Q

separates the right side of the heart from the left

A

septum

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49
Q

the inner most layer of the heart

A

endocardium

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50
Q

the mineral responsible for the heart’s contraction

A

calcium

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51
Q

terminal branches of the AV bundle

A

purkinje fibers

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52
Q

the bottom region of the heart producing a point-like shape

A

apex

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53
Q

what does Q stand for

A

cardiac output

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54
Q

what do arterioles branch into

A

capillaries

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55
Q

an iron containing protein carrying oxygen

A

hemoglobin

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56
Q

the preferred way to measure energy expenditure

A

indirect calorimetry

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57
Q

taking in oxygen and giving off CO2

A

aerobic

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58
Q

measures the max volume of oxygen that you can take in, use, and turn into CO2

A

VO2 max test

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59
Q

VO2 max testing ends when the participant goes _____

A

anaerobic

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60
Q

calculates estimated VO2 max

A

haldane transformation

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61
Q

the exchange between oxygen and CO2

A

respiratory exchange ratio

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62
Q

you burn more carbs when your RER is

A

higher

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63
Q

RER value at rest

A

0.85

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64
Q

what nutrient isn’t counted in RER that makes it inaccurate

A

protein

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65
Q

fast twitch fibers have less

A

mitochondria

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66
Q

epoc is always in the presence of oxygen and uses what as fuel

A

fat

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67
Q

the point where not enough becomes too much and the body can no longer clear lactate and exercise intensity must drop

A

lactate threshold

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68
Q

when a muscle cannot clear lactate it becomes

A

acidic

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69
Q

as someone becomes more skilled the energy demands of that activity lower

A

economy of effort

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70
Q

high VO2 max
high lactate threshold
high economy of effort
practice

A

characteristics of a successful athlete

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71
Q

overtraining is not reversible but ____ is

A

fatigue

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72
Q

energy system can no longer supply ATP, build up of H+ and inability to clear lactate, failure of motor unit contraction

A

causes of fatigue

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73
Q

three types of fatigue

A

muscle fatigue, energy system fatigue, neural fatigue

74
Q

muscle fiber that stores more glycogen

A

fast twitch

75
Q

central government theory

A

brain says we’re done

76
Q

run to the damaged area to cause inflammation and healing

A

cytokines

76
Q

within several hours of exercise and results from a build up of end products in a muscle

A

acute muscle soreness

76
Q

excessive amounts of water in a muscle

A

edema

76
Q

from eccentric contractions causing ruptures in the muscle

A

delayed onset muscle soreness

77
Q

Q with a dot over it stands for

A

cardiac output

78
Q

Q=HR x ____

A

SV (stroke volume)

79
Q

a larger heart will have a ____ heart rate and ____ stroke volume

A

lower, higher

80
Q

the amount of blood in the left ventricle after it has filled

A

end diastolic volume

81
Q

the amount of blood left in the left ventricle after contracting

A

end systolic volume

82
Q

why is EDV higher when you are laying down?

A

because the heart does not have to fight gravity to fill back up

83
Q

loading the heart before you push (another name for EDV)

A

preload

84
Q

what is loaded into the left ventricle after the push (another name for ESV)

A

afterload

85
Q

why do athletes have a lower afterload?

A

they have a stronger heart so they can push more out

86
Q

vessel gets smaller

A

vasocontriction

87
Q

redistribution at the tissues is controlled by our nerves

A

extrinsic neural control

88
Q

resistance to flow increase as what increases

A

blood viscosity

89
Q

moving gases from outside into the lungs then blood then tissues

A

external respiration

90
Q

respiration becomes internal once what

A

gases reach the tissues

91
Q

breathing in is an ____ process that involves the diaphragm moving up

A

active

92
Q

breathing out is a ____ process

A

passive

93
Q

when pressure x volume is constant, pressure within the lungs decreases so it is less than the pressure outside the body and air rushes in

A

boyle’s law

94
Q

measures how much air you can breathe in and out of your lungs, and how easy it is for you to blow air out of lungs

A

spirometry

95
Q

oxygen moves from ____ to ____ in the body

A

high to low

96
Q

the total pressure of all gases in the body is equal to the sum of all the partial pressures

A

dalton’s law

97
Q

gases dissolve in liquids in proportion to their partial pressures due to their solubility and temperature

A

henry’s law

98
Q

gases are going to diffuse through a tissue dependent on the surface area and their partial pressures

A

fick’s law

99
Q

air diffuses through what tissue into the bloodstream to travel to the tissues that are excercising

A

alveoli tissue

100
Q

hemoglobin has how many spots for oxygen

A

4

101
Q

a hemoglobin that has all four oxygen spots filled is

A

saturated

102
Q

ability to attract something

A

affinity

103
Q

higher affinity hemoglobin have

A

higher amounts of oxygen

104
Q

temperature increases
increase of need
increase of pressure due to breathing in more air

A

reasons why oxygen diffusion rate goes up during exercise

105
Q

difference is small when the body is at rest and larger when excercising

A

AVO2 difference

106
Q

hypothetical line that tells you how fast oxygen jumps off as you start to exercise

A

oxygen dissociation curve

107
Q

another name for adult hemoglobin

A

HbA

108
Q

if more oxygen is needed it will dissociate

A

more readily

109
Q

which direction does the oxygen dissociation curve shift when you work harder

A

right

110
Q

when are the only two times the oxygen dissociation curve will go slightly left

A

in very cold weather and when the body is shutting down

111
Q

what is it called when the oxygen dissociation curve shifts right

A

bohr effect

112
Q

H2O forms with what to form carbonic acid (bicarbonate)

A

plasma

113
Q

hemoglobin that has moved into a muscle

A

myoglobin

114
Q

most likely necessary to occur to maximize the training response

A

DOMS

115
Q

the primary initiator of DOMS

A

eccentric contractions

116
Q

enlarging of blood vessel diameter and allows blood to divert where needed

A

vasodilation

117
Q

anabolic hormone made during REM that increases when insulin drops

A

growth hormone

118
Q

measuring gas exchange without heat release

A

indirect calorimetry

119
Q

1/3 CHO
2/3 fat

A

make up of RER at rest

120
Q

220 - age = ?

A

estimated maximum heart rate

121
Q

high resting heart rate over 100 bpm

A

tachycardia

122
Q

red blood cell content increases while plasma percentage decreases

A

hemoconcentration

123
Q

what is thought to cause hemoconcentration

A

increased sweating

124
Q

caused by muscle streaming damage and necessary for hypertrophy

A

DOMS

125
Q

made from cholesterol and readily cross the cell membrane

A

steroid hormones

126
Q

decreases sweat’s sodium content

A

aldosterone

127
Q

explains how air moves into the lungs

A

boyle’s law

128
Q

binds oxygen for transport in the lungs and is saturated with 4 molecules

A

hemoglobin

129
Q

increased oxygen dissociation/unloading

A

oxygen dissociation curve shifts right

130
Q

controls T3 and T4 and is a thyroid hormone

A

TSH

131
Q

cause soreness and pain due to muscle protein damage and the cause of DOMS

A

eccentric contractions

132
Q

the volume of venous blood returned and ventricular distensibility, also known as the preload

A

end diastolic volume

133
Q

the top number that is higher during blood pressure readings and increases during exercise

A

systolic

134
Q

cleaves glycerol from a triglyceride and is a feminine characteristic hormone

A

estrogen

135
Q

a decrease in heart rate, a decrease in blood pressure, removal of lactate, restore body temp, store glycogen

A

excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)

136
Q

organ responsible for proper blood pH

A

kidneys

137
Q

what is the proper blood pH

A

7.35-7.45

138
Q

when the kidneys sense low blood volume and pressure what is released

A

renin

139
Q

gold standard for oxidative metabolism test

A

VO2 max

140
Q

heart muscle

A

myocardium

141
Q

the largest influence on daily caloric expenditure

A

physical activity

142
Q

the point at which blood lactate increases above resting conditions, a shift from aerobic to anaerobic glycolysis

A

lactate threshold

143
Q

hormone like substances acting locally

A

autocrines

144
Q

another name for autocriens

A

prostaglandins

145
Q

high VO2 max, high lactate threshold, high % slow twitch

A

characteristics of successful endurance athletes

146
Q

a commonly used anaerobic assessment where the participant does 50 seconds of all out pedaling on cycle ergometer

A

wingate test

147
Q

glucocorticoid increasing glucose synthesis

A

cortisol

148
Q

an increase in heart rate prior to the start of exercise

A

anticipatory response

149
Q

what is thought to cause the anticipatory response

A

catecholamine release

150
Q

tough membrane sac of the heart

A

pericardium

151
Q

the target for glucagon

A

liver

152
Q

PO2 decreases, pH decreases, temperature increases due to an increase in endurance intensity

A

ventilation increase

153
Q

RER of 1.0

A

intense glycolysis

154
Q

decrement to performance that is reversible by rest

A

fatigue

155
Q

PCr depletion, lowered pH, glycogen depletion, extreme increase in temperature

A

fatigue

156
Q

how the majority of CO2 is carried in the blood

A

bicarbonate ions

157
Q

H+ binds to what to remove CO2

A

bicarbonate

158
Q

what has a greater affinity for O2 than hemoglobin

A

myoglobin

159
Q

increases at high sympathetic exercise intensity

A

epinephrine

160
Q

as O2 difference increases

A

venous oxygen concentration decreases

161
Q

clinical RMR

A

basal metabolic rate

162
Q

increase lipolysis

A

decreasing insulin

163
Q

triggers a response in effort to restore normalcy by moving a factor in opposite direction

A

negative feedback

164
Q

secreted by kidneys and stimulate red blood cell production

A

erythropoietin

165
Q

also known as afterload

A

end systolic volume

166
Q

a type of white blood cell

A

neutrophil

167
Q

pain felt during and immediately after exercise

A

acute muscle soreness

168
Q

generally not directly related to fatigue but is a source of fuel

A

lactic acid

169
Q

ion that leaves the intracellular space, decreasing membrane potential and causing fatigue

A

potassium

170
Q

belief that the brain can limit power output by reducing recruitment of muscle fibers

A

central government theory

171
Q

decrements in muscular performance reversible by rest

A

fatigue

172
Q

a strong determinant of an athlete’s optimal pace in endurance events, expressed as a percentage of VO2 max

A

lactate threshold

173
Q

the elevated metabolic rate above resting levels that occurs during the recovery period after exercise has ceased

A

EPOC

174
Q

the minimum amount of energy required by the body to sustain basic cellular functions

A

basal metabolic rate

175
Q

the largest influence of daily caloric expenditure

A

physical activity

176
Q

the difference between the oxygen required for a given exercise intensity and the actual oxygen consumption

A

oxygen deficit

177
Q

best single measurement of cardiorespiratory endurance and referred to as aerobic capacity

A

VO2 max

178
Q

heat production is not directly measure but respiratory gas exchange is determined

A

indirect calorimetry

179
Q

generally expressed relative to body weight in milliliters of oxygen consumed per kilogram of body weight per minute

A

VO2 max

Exercise physiology (7 decks)

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