Muscle System Flashcards
What are the characteristics of a cardiac muscle?
- Found solely in the walls of the heart
- Involuntary
- Controlled by autonomic nervous system
- Do not fatigue
What are the three types of muscle in the body?
Cardiac
Involuntary/smooth
Voluntary/skeletal
What are the characteristics of a smooth/involuntary muscle?
- Involuntary
- Work out internal organs ex the intestines
- Do not fatigue
What are the characteristics of a voluntary/skeletal muscle?
- Most common in the body
- Attached to the skeleton to aid movement
- Can be controlled
- Fatigue
- Have fast and slow twitch fibres
Name the main voluntary muscles in the torso
- Pectoral
- Trapezius
- Latissimus dorsi
- Abdominals
Name the main voluntary muscles in the arms
- Deltiods
- Biceps
- Triceps
Name the main voluntary muscles in the legs
- Quadriceps
- Gluteals
- Hamstrings
- Gastrocnemius
State the function of the biceps and an example in sport
Flexion at the elbow
Pull up
State the function of the triceps and an example in sport
Extension at the elbow
Push up
State the function of the deltoids and an example in sport
Rotation at the elbow
Cricket bowling
State the function of the trapezius and an example in sport
Holds the shoulders in place, moves the head back and sideways
Holding head up in rugby scrum
State the function of the pectorals and an example in sport
Adduction of the arm at the shoulder
Forehand drive in tennis
State the function of the latissimus dorsi and an example in sport
Adduction and extension of the arm at the shoulder
Butterfly stroke in swimming
State the function of the gluteus maximus and an example in sport
Adduction and extension of the leg at the hips
Pulling leg back before kicking
State the function of the hamstrings and an example in sport
Flexion of the leg at the knee
Bending knee before kicking
State the function of the quadriceps and an example in sport
Extension of the leg at the knee
Jumping upwards
State the function of the gastrocnemius and an example in sport
Extension at the ankle
Running
State the function of the abdominals and an example in sport
Flexion at the hip
Pulling body down when hurdling
Define muscle origin and insertion
Origin- is the fixed end of the muscle that’s attached to a bone by tendon
Insertion- is the moving end of the muscle that is attached to the bone by tendon
The origin stays still and the insertion moves as the muscle contracts
Define antagonistic pairs
Muscles can only pull, to have full movement they need to work in pairs.
Contracting muscle- agonist, prime mover (shortens)
Relaxing muscle- antagonist, (lengthens)
Define isotonic contraction and it’s two forms
When a muscle contracts to create movement.
Concentric- when the muscle shortens as the fibres contract to cause movement
Eccentric- when a muscle lengthens and relaxes to allow movement to occur
Define isometric
When a muscle contracts with no resulting movement.
Used to stabilise the body.
What are the characteristics of fast twitch fibres and who are they most likely to be used by?
- fast contractions
- anaerobic
- explosive, very fast, short bursts
- lack ability to use oxygen well and tire quickly
Used by sprinters
What are the characteristics of slow twitch fibres and who are they most likely to be used by?
- slower contractions
- aerobic
- endurance, longer to fatigue
- use oxygen well and keep going for a long time
Used by marathon runners
Define muscle tone
Muscles in a state of slight tension and are ready for movement. Regular training tones muscles helps to create good posture. Also helps to prevent injury since good posture reduces strain on muscles tendons and ligaments.
Define hypertrophy
Increase in size of the muscle.
Effects of posture
- reduces chance of injury due to reducing strain placed on muscles, tendons and ligaments
- helps with sporting performance when special positions are crucial to success
- boosts self confidence in body language
Define ligament
Connect bone to bone and stabilise joint
Define tendon
Connect muscle to bone
Define atrophy
Reduction in muscle size, lose strength
Define posture
The way the muscles hold the body still or in movement
